In the normal course of business, our operations are exposed to global market risks, including the effect of changes in foreign currency exchange rates, certain commodity prices, and interest rates. To manage these risks, we enter into highly effective derivative contracts:

We have elected to apply hedge accounting to certain derivatives. Derivatives that are designated in hedging relationships are evaluated for effectiveness using regression analysis at the time they are designated and throughout the hedge period. Some derivatives do not qualify for hedge accounting; for others, we elect not to apply hedge accounting.

Changes in the fair value of cash flow hedges are deferred in Accumulated other comprehensive income/(loss) and are recognized in Cost of sales when the hedged item affects earnings. Our policy is to de-designate foreign currency exchange cash flow hedges prior to the time forecasted transactions are recognized as assets or liabilities on our consolidated balance sheets and report subsequent changes in fair value through Cost of sales. If it becomes probable that the originally forecasted transaction will not occur, the related amount included in Accumulated other comprehensive income/(loss) is reclassified and recognized in earnings. The cash flows associated with hedges designated until maturity are reported in Net cash provided by/(used in) operating activities on our consolidated statement of cash flows. Our cash flow hedges mature within three years.

Fair Value Hedges. Our Ford Credit segment uses derivatives to reduce the risk of changes in the fair value of debt. We have designated certain receive-fixed, pay-float interest rate and cross-currency interest rate swaps as fair value hedges of fixed-rate debt. The risk being hedged is the risk of changes in the fair value of the hedged debt attributable to changes in the benchmark interest rate and foreign exchange. We report the change in fair value of the hedged debt related to the change in benchmark interest rate in Ford Credit debt and Ford Credit interest, operating, and other expenses. We report the change in fair value of the hedged debt and hedging instrument related to foreign currency in Other income/(loss), net. Net interest settlements and accruals and fair value changes on hedging instruments due to the benchmark interest rate change are reported in Ford Credit interest, operating, and other expenses. The cash flows associated with fair value hedges are reported in Net cash provided by/(used in) operating activities on our consolidated statements of cash flows.

When a fair value hedge is de-designated, or when the derivative is terminated before maturity, the fair value adjustment to the hedged debt continues to be reported as part of the carrying value of the debt and is recognized in Ford Credit interest, operating, and other expenses over its remaining life.

Derivatives Not Designated as Hedging Instruments. For total Company excluding Ford Credit, we report changes in the fair value of derivatives not designated as hedging instruments through Cost of sales. Cash flows associated with non-designated or de-designated derivatives are reported in Net cash provided by/(used in) investing activities on our consolidated statements of cash flows.

Our Ford Credit segment reports the gains/(losses) on derivatives not designated as hedging instruments in Other income/(loss), net. Cash flows associated with non-designated or de-designated derivatives are reported in Net cash provided by/(used in) investing activities on our consolidated statements of cash flows.

Normal Purchases and Normal Sales Classification. We have elected to apply the normal purchases and normal sales classification for physical supply contracts that are entered into for the purpose of procuring commodities to be used in production over a reasonable period in the normal course of our business.

The gains/(losses), by hedge designation, reported in income for the years ended December 31 were as follows (in millions):


	2020		2021		2022
Cash flow hedges
Reclassified from AOCI to Cost of sales
Foreign currency exchange contracts (a)	$	(11)	$	(412)	$	(213)
Commodity contracts (b)	(55)		132		133
Fair value hedges
Interest rate contracts
Net interest settlements and accruals on hedging instruments	290		393		(45)
Fair value changes on hedging instruments	986		(1,001)		(1,875)
Fair value changes on hedged debt	(985)		957		1,893
Cross-currency interest rate swap contracts
Net interest settlements and accruals on hedging instruments	(2)		(8)		(27)
Fair value changes on hedging instruments	38		(93)		(111)
Fair value changes on hedged debt	(37)		82		113
Derivatives not designated as hedging instruments
Foreign currency exchange contracts (c)	(310)		375		(3)
Cross-currency interest rate swap contracts	486		(507)		(780)
Interest rate contracts	(100)		(3)		390
Commodity contracts	47		170		(51)
Total	$	347	$	85	$	(576)

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(c)For 2020, 2021, and 2022, a $228 million loss, a $230 million gain, and a $53 million loss, respectively, were reported in Cost of sales and a $82 million loss, an $145 million gain, and a $50 million gain were reported in Other income/(loss), net, respectively.

Derivative assets and liabilities are reported on our consolidated balance sheets at fair value and are presented on a gross basis. The notional amounts of the derivative instruments do not necessarily represent amounts exchanged by the parties and are not a direct measure of our financial exposure. We also enter into master agreements with counterparties that may allow for netting of exposures in the event of default or breach of the counterparty agreement. Collateral represents cash received or paid under reciprocal arrangements that we have entered into with our derivative counterparties, which we do not use to offset our derivative assets and liabilities.

The fair value of our derivative instruments and the associated notional amounts at December 31 were as follows (in millions):


	2021						2022
	Notional		Fair Value of Assets		Fair Value of Liabilities		Notional		Fair Value of Assets		Fair Value of Liabilities
Cash flow hedges
Foreign currency exchange contracts	$	11,534	$	74	$	346	$	11,536	$	376	$	52
Commodity contracts	931		182		5		990		16		56
Fair value hedges
Interest rate contracts	23,893		544		274		16,883		—		1,653
Cross-currency interest rate swap contracts	885		—		49		885		—		161
Derivatives not designated as hedging instruments
Foreign currency exchange contracts	28,463		281		198		20,851		162		285
Cross-currency interest rate swap contracts	6,533		117		61		6,635		15		653
Interest rate contracts	50,060		338		126		63,210		931		483
Commodity contracts	997		54		11		841		26		35
Total derivative financial instruments, gross (a) (b)	$	123,296	$	1,590	$	1,070	$	121,831	$	1,526	$	3,378

Current portion			$	924	$	535			$	1,101	$	1,656
Non-current portion			666		535				425		1,722
Total derivative financial instruments, gross			$	1,590	$	1,070			$	1,526	$	3,378

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(b)At December 31, 2021 and 2022, the fair value of assets and liabilities available for counterparty netting was $719 million and $451 million, respectively. All derivatives are categorized within Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy.