During the year ended December 31, 2020, we fully impaired the goodwill attributable to our ownership reporting unit, recognizing impairment losses of $104 million in our consolidated statement of operations; see Note 10: "Fair Value Measurements" for additional information. As such, as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, our goodwill balance was only attributable to our management and franchise reporting unit, which had no accumulated impairment losses as of either date. The changes in our goodwill balances during the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 were due to foreign currency translation.


	December 31, 2022
	Gross Carrying Value		Accumulated Amortization		Net Carrying Value
	(in millions)
Management and franchise contracts:
International management contracts recorded at Merger(1)	$	293	$	(278)	$	15
Contract acquisition costs	961		(206)		755
Development commissions and other	149		(32)		117
	$	1,403	$	(516)	$	887
Other intangible assets:
Capitalized software costs	$	615	$	(515)	$	100
Leases(1)	124		(80)		44
Hilton Honors(1)	335		(318)		17
	$	1,074	$	(913)	$	161


	December 31, 2021
	Gross Carrying Value		Accumulated Amortization		Net Carrying Value
	(in millions)
Management and franchise contracts:
International management contracts recorded at Merger(1)	$	310	$	(275)	$	35
Contract acquisition costs	780		(170)		610
Development commissions and other	140		(27)		113
	$	1,230	$	(472)	$	758
Other intangible assets:
Capitalized software costs	$	561	$	(460)	$	101
Leases(1)	138		(83)		55
Hilton Honors(1)	339		(301)		38
	$	1,038	$	(844)	$	194

During the year ended December 31, 2020 we recognized $15 million and $46 million of impairment losses related to contract acquisition costs and our leases intangible assets, respectively, in our consolidated statement of operations; see Note 10: "Fair Value Measurements" for additional information.


	Year Ended December 31,
	2022		2021		2020
	(in millions)
Recognized in depreciation and amortization expenses(1)	$	116	$	135	$	274
Recognized as a reduction of franchise and licensing fees and base and other management fees	38		32		29

(1)Includes amortization expense of $45 million, $47 million and $164 million for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively, associated with assets that were initially recorded at fair value at the time of the Merger, some of which fully amortized during 2020.

As of December 31, 2022, we estimate future amortization expense of our finite-lived intangible assets that will be recognized in depreciation and amortization expenses to be as follows: