tixt-20221231

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UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549

FORM 20-F


☐			REGISTRATION STATEMENT PURSUANT TO SECTION 12(b) OR (g) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934


☒			ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022


☐			TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934


☐			SHELL COMPANY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 Date of event requiring this shell company report:

Commission File number: 001-39968

______________________________________________________________________________________________________

TELUS International (Cda) Inc.

(Exact name of Registrant as specified in its charter)

______________________________________________________________________________________________________

Not Applicable

(Translation of Registrant’s name into English)

Province of British Columbia

(Jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)

Floor 7, 510 West Georgia Street

Vancouver, BC V6B 0M3

(Address of principal executive offices)

Michel Belec

Chief Legal Officer

TELUS International (Cda) Inc.

Floor 7, 510 West Georgia Street

Vancouver, BC V6B 0M3

Tel: (604) 695-6400

(Name, telephone, e-mail and/or facsimile number and address of Company contact person)

Securities registered or to be registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act.

Title of each class

Trading symbol

Name of each exchange on which registered

Subordinate voting share, no par value

TIXT

New York Stock Exchange

Securities registered or to be registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act. None

Securities for which there is a reporting obligation pursuant to Section 15(d) of the Act. None

Indicate the number of outstanding shares of each of the issuer’s classes of capital or common stock as of the close of the period covered by the annual report.

At February 9, 2023, 73,083,886 subordinate voting shares were issued and outstanding.

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes o No x

If this report is an annual or transition report, indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. Yes o No x

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.

Yes x No o

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes x No o

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, or a non-accelerated filer. See definition of accelerated filer and large accelerated filer in Rule 12b of the Exchange Act. (Check one):

Large accelerated filer x

Accelerated filer o

Non-accelerated Filer o

Emerging growth company ☐

If an emerging growth company that prepares its financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. o

The term new or revised financial accounting standard refers to any update issued by the Financial Accounting Standards Board to its Accounting Standards Codification after April 5, 2012.

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. ☒

If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements □

Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant’s executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to § 240.10D-1(b). □

Indicate by check mark which basis of accounting the registrant has used to prepare the financial statements included in this filing:


	x International Financial Reporting Standards as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board
o US GAAP		o Other

If “Other” has been checked in response to the previous question, indicate by check mark which financial statement item the registrant has elected to follow o Item 17 o Item 18

If this is an annual report, indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No x

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TABLE OF CONTENTS


INTRODUCTION		2
PART I		4
ITEM 1	IDENTITY OF DIRECTORS, SENIOR MANAGEMENT AND ADVISORS	4
ITEM 2	OFFER STATISTICS AND EXPECTED TIMETABLE	4
ITEM 3	KEY INFORMATION	4
ITEM 4	INFORMATION ON THE COMPANY	31
ITEM 4A	UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS	40
ITEM 5	OPERATING AND FINANCIAL REVIEW AND PROSPECTS	40
ITEM 6	DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE MANAGEMENT AND EMPLOYEES	62
ITEM 7	MAJOR SHAREHOLDERS AND RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS	103
ITEM 8	FINANCIAL INFORMATION	110
ITEM 9	THE OFFER AND LISTING	110
ITEM 10	ADDITIONAL INFORMATION	111
ITEM 11	QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISKS	124
ITEM 12	DESCRIPTION OF SECURITIES OTHER THAN EQUITY SECURITIES	124
ITEM 12A	DEBT SECURITIES	124
ITEM 12B	WARRANTS AND RIGHTS	125
ITEM 12C	OTHER SECURITIES	125
ITEM 12D	AMERICAN DEPOSITARY SHARES	125
PART II		126
ITEM 13	DEFAULTS, DIVIDEND ARREARAGES AND DELINQUENCIES	126
ITEM 14	MATERIAL MODIFICATIONS TO THE RIGHTS OF SECURITY HOLDERS AND USE OF PROCEEDS	126
ITEM 15	CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES	126
ITEM 16A	AUDIT COMMITTEE FINANCIAL EXPERTS	127
ITEM 16B	CODE OF ETHICS	127
ITEM 16C	PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTANT FEES AND SERVICES	127
ITEM 16D	EXEMPTIONS FROM THE LISTING STANDARDS FOR AUDIT COMMITTEES	128
ITEM 16E	PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES BY THE ISSUER AND AFFILIATED	128
ITEM 16F	CHANGE IN REGISTRANT’S CERTIFYING ACCOUNTANT	128
ITEM 16G	CORPORATE GOVERNANCE	128
ITEM 16H	MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURE	128
PART III		129
ITEM 17	FINANCIAL STATEMENTS	129
ITEM 18	FINANCIAL STATEMENTS	129
ITEM 19	EXHIBITS	129
SIGNATURES		132
REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM

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INTRODUCTION

Unless otherwise indicated or where the context requires otherwise, all references in this annual report on Form 20-F (Annual Report) to the “Company”, “TELUS International”, “TI”, “we”, “us”, “our” or similar terms refer to TELUS International (Cda) Inc. and its subsidiaries. All references in this Annual Report to “TELUS” refer to TELUS Corporation and its subsidiaries other than TELUS International. All references in this Annual Report to “BPEA” refer to BPEA EQT, formed as a result of the combination of Baring Private Equity Asia and EQT Asia in 2022. All references in this Annual Report to “Competence Call Center” or “CCC” refer to the entirety of the assets and operations of CCC Holding GmbH which was merged into TELUS International Germany GmbH on December 16, 2020 with TELUS International Germany GmbH as the surviving entity. All references to “TELUS International AI Data Solutions”, “TIAI Data Solutions”, “Lionbridge AI” or “TIAI” refer to the data annotation business of Lionbridge Technologies, Inc, which we acquired on December 31, 2020 and Playment, an India-based leader in computer vision tools and services, which we acquired on July 2, 2021. All references to “WillowTree” refer to WT Blocker Corp and its subsidiaries, which we acquired on January 3, 2023.

We use various trademarks, trade names and service marks in our business, including TELUS, which is used under license from TELUS Corporation. For convenience, we may not include the ® or ™ symbols, but such omission is not meant to indicate that we would not protect our intellectual property rights to the fullest extent allowed by law. Any other trademarks, trade names or service marks referred to in this Annual Report are the property of their respective owners.

FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

This Annual Report contains forward-looking statements concerning our business, operations and financial performance and condition, as well as our plans, objectives and expectations for our business operations and financial performance and condition. Any statements contained herein that are not statements of historical facts may be deemed to be forward-looking statements. In some cases, you can identify forward-looking statements by terminology such as “aim”, “anticipate”, “assume”, “believe”, “contemplate”, “continue”, “could”, “due”, “estimate”, “expect”, “goal”, “intend”, “may”, “objective”, “plan”, “predict”, “potential”, “positioned”, “seek”, “should”, “target”, “will”, “would” and other similar expressions that are predictions of or indicate future events and future trends, or the negative of these terms or other comparable terminology.

These forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to, statements about:

•our ability to execute our growth strategy, including by expanding services offered to existing clients and attracting new clients;

•our ability to maintain our corporate culture and competitiveness of our service offerings;

•our ability to attract and retain talent;

•our ability to integrate, and realize the benefits of, our acquisition of WillowTree;

•the relative growth rate and size of our target industry verticals;

•our projected operating and capital expenditure requirements; and

•the impact of global conditions on our and our clients’ businesses, including a potential economic recession, inflation, rising interest rates, the Russia-Ukraine conflict and the variants arising from the COVID-19 pandemic.

These factors should not be construed as exhaustive and should be read with the other cautionary statements in this Annual Report. These forward-looking statements are based on our current expectations, estimates, forecasts and projections about our business and the industry in which we operate and management’s beliefs and assumptions, and are not guarantees of future performance or development and involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors that are in some cases beyond our control. As a result, any or all of our forward-looking statements in this Annual Report may turn out to be inaccurate. Factors that may cause actual results to differ materially from current expectations include, among other things, those listed under “Risk Factors” and elsewhere in this Annual Report. Potential investors are urged to consider these factors carefully in evaluating the forward-looking statements. Comparisons of results for current and any prior periods are not intended to express any future trends or indications of future performance, unless specifically expressed as such, and should only be viewed as historical data. These forward-looking statements speak only as at the date of this Annual Report. Except as required by law, we assume no obligation to update or revise these forward-looking statements for any reason, even if new information becomes available in the future.

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This Annual Report contains estimates, projections, market research and other information concerning our industry, our business, and the markets for our services. Information that is based on estimates, forecasts, projections, market research or similar methodologies is inherently subject to uncertainties, and actual events or circumstances may differ materially from events and circumstances that are assumed in this information. Unless otherwise expressly stated, we obtained this industry, business, market and other data from our own internal estimates and research as well as from reports, research surveys, studies and similar data prepared by market research firms and other third parties, industry and general publications, government data and similar sources.

In addition, assumptions and estimates of our and our industry’s future performance are necessarily subject to a high degree of uncertainty and risk due to a variety of factors, including those described in “Risk Factors”. These and other factors could cause our future performance to differ materially from our assumptions and estimates.

Any references to forward-looking statements in this Annual Report include forward-looking information within the meaning of applicable Canadian securities laws.

PRESENTATION OF FINANCIAL AND OTHER INFORMATION

The annual consolidated financial statements of TELUS International included in this Annual Report are presented in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS), as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB), and consist of the consolidated statements of financial position as at December 31, 2022 and 2021 and the consolidated statements of income and other comprehensive income, changes in owners’ equity, and cash flows, for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2022.

In this Annual Report, unless otherwise specified, all monetary amounts are in U.S. dollars, all references to “US$”, “$”, “USD” and “dollars” mean U.S. dollars and all references to “C$”, “CDN$” and “CAD$”, mean Canadian dollars, and all references to “euro” and “€” mean the currency of the European Union.

ENFORCEMENT OF CIVIL LIABILITIES

We are incorporated under the laws of the Province of British Columbia, Canada, with our principal place of business in Vancouver, Canada. Some of our directors and officers, and the experts named in this Annual Report, are residents of Canada, the United States or elsewhere, and all or a substantial portion of their assets, and all or a substantial portion of our assets, are located outside of the United States. As a result, it may be difficult for shareholders who reside in the United States to effect service within the United States upon those directors, officers and experts who are not residents of the United States. It may also be difficult for shareholders who reside in the United States to realize in the United States upon judgments of courts of the United States predicated upon our civil liability and the civil liability of our directors, officers and experts under the United States federal securities laws. There can be no assurance that U.S. investors will be able to enforce against us, members of our board of directors, officers or certain experts named herein who are residents of Canada or other countries outside the United States, any judgments in civil and commercial matters, including judgments under the federal securities laws.

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PART I

ITEM 1 IDENTITY OF DIRECTORS, SENIOR MANAGEMENT AND ADVISORS

Not applicable.

ITEM 2 OFFER STATISTICS AND EXPECTED TIMETABLE

Not applicable.

ITEM 3 KEY INFORMATION

B.Capitalization and Indebtedness

Not applicable.

C.Reasons for the Offer and Use of Proceeds

Not applicable.

D.Risk Factors

Risk Factors Summary

Investing in our subordinate voting shares involves a high degree of risk. You should carefully consider the risks described in this “Item 3D—Risk Factors” before making a decision to invest in our subordinate voting shares. If any of these risks actually occur, our business, financial condition and financial performance would likely be materially adversely affected. In such a case, the trading price of our subordinate voting shares would likely decline and you may lose part or all of your investment. Below is a summary of some of the principal risks we face:

•We face intense competition from companies that offer services similar to ours.

•Our growth prospects are dependent upon attracting and retaining enough qualified team members to support our operations and competition for talent is intense.

•Our ability to grow and maintain our profitability could be materially affected if changes in technology and client expectations outpace our service offerings and the development of our internal tools and processes or if we are not able to meet the expectations of our clients.

•If we cannot maintain our culture as we grow, our services, financial performance and business may be harmed.

•Our business could be adversely affected if we lose one or more members of our senior management.

•Our business and financial results could be adversely affected by a number of global conditions and the effects of these same conditions on our clients’ businesses and demand for our services.

•Three clients account for a significant portion of our revenue and loss of or reduction in business from, or consolidation of, these or any other major clients could have a material adverse effect.

•Our business may not develop in ways that we currently anticipate due to negative public reaction to offshore outsourcing, content moderation and proposed legislation or otherwise.

•Our business would be adversely affected if individuals providing data annotation services through TIAI’s crowdsourcing solutions were classified as employees (not as independent contractors).

•We could be unable to successfully identify, complete, integrate and realize the benefits of acquisitions, including the acquisition of WillowTree, or manage the associated risks.

•The unauthorized disclosure of sensitive or confidential client and customer data, through cyberattacks or otherwise, could expose us to protracted and costly litigation, damage to reputation and cause loss of clients / revenue.

•Our policies, procedures and programs to safeguard the health, safety and security of our team members, particularly our content moderation team members, may not be adequate, which could adversely affect our ability to attract and retain team members and could result in increased costs, including due to claims against us.

•The dual-class structure contained in our articles has the effect of concentrating voting control and the ability to influence corporate matters with TELUS.

•The market price of our subordinate voting shares may be affected by low trading volume and the market pricing for our subordinate voting shares may decline as a result of future sales, or the perception of the likelihood of future sales, by us or our shareholders in the public market.

•TELUS will, for the foreseeable future, control the TELUS International Board of Directors.

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BUSINESS & OPERATIONAL RISKS

We face intense competition from companies that offer services similar to ours. If we are unable to differentiate to compete effectively, our business, financial performance, financial condition and cash flows could be materially adversely impacted.

The market for the services we offer is very competitive. We expect competition to intensify and increase from a number of our existing competitors, including professional services companies that offer consulting services, information technology companies with digital capabilities, and traditional contact center and business process outsourcing (BPO) companies that are expanding their capabilities to offer higher-margin and higher-growth services. In addition, the continued expansion of the services we offer and the markets we operate in will result in new and different competitors, many of which may have significantly greater local market recognition than we do, as well as increased competition with existing competitors who are also expanding their services to cover digital capabilities.

Many of these existing and new competitors have differing or greater financial, geographic, human and other resources, greater technological expertise, longer operating histories and more established relationships in the verticals that we currently serve or may expand to serve in the future. In addition, some of our competitors may enter into strategic or commercial relationships among themselves or with larger, more established companies in order to increase their ability to address client needs or enter into similar arrangements with potential clients. We also face competition from service providers that operate in countries where we do not have delivery locations because our clients may, to diversify geographic risk and for other reasons, seek to reduce their dependence on any one country by shifting work to another country in which we do not operate. All of these factors present challenges for us in retaining and growing our business.

From time to time, our clients who currently use our services may determine that they can provide these services in-house. As a result, we face the competitive pressure to continually offer our services in a manner that will be viewed by our clients as better and more cost-effective than what they could provide themselves.

Our inability to compete successfully could result in increased client turnover, revenue loss, pressures on recruitment and retention of team members, service price reductions and increased marketing and promotional expenses, or reduced operating margins which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial performance, financial condition and cash flows.

Changes in technology and client expectations could outpace our service offerings and the development of our internal tools and processes, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, growth, financial performance, financial condition and cash flows.

Our growth, profitability and the diversity of our revenue sources depend on our ability to develop and adopt new technologies to expand our existing offerings, proactively identify new revenue streams and improve cost efficiencies in our operations, all while meeting rapidly evolving client expectations. Although we are focused on maintaining and enhancing the range of our offerings, we may not be successful in anticipating or responding to our clients’ expectations and the integration of our technology solutions into our offerings may not achieve the intended enhancements or cost reductions in our operations. New services and technologies offered by our competitors may make our service offerings uncompetitive, which may reduce our clients’ interest in our offerings and our ability to attract new clients. Our failure to innovate, maintain technological advantages or respond effectively and timely to changes in technology could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial performance, financial condition and cash flows.

If we fail to establish our digital brand and successfully market our digital service offerings, our growth prospects, anticipated business volumes and financial performance may be adversely affected.

Certain of our existing and potential clients may only know us for our voice-based customer support services. Our ability to realize our digital-first strategy and increase revenue across our core verticals depends on our ability to promote our digital services. If we are not successful in establishing our digital brand and marketing our expanded service offerings to clients, our ability to shift our existing clients into more profitable digital services and attract new clients to these service offerings may be limited, which may adversely affect our growth prospects and anticipated business volumes and financial performance.

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If we fail to maintain a consistently high level of service experience or to meet the minimum service quality levels set out in some of our contracts, our ability to attract new and retain existing clients and team members could be adversely affected and our business could be adversely impacted or we could be subject to liability or penalties.

Our clients’ loyalty, likelihood to expand the services that they use with us and likelihood to recommend us is dependent upon our ability to provide a service experience that meets or exceeds our clients’ expectations and that is differentiated from our competitors. Our ability to attract and retain clients, and team members is highly dependent on our clients’ satisfaction ratings and the satisfaction ratings that our clients receive from their customers based on our services, all of which affects our reputation. If we are unable to maintain a consistently high level of service, our clients could change service providers, our revenues and profitability could be negatively impacted, and our reputation could suffer.

Further, most of our agreements with clients contain service level and performance requirements, including requirements relating to the quality of our services. Failure to meet these requirements could disrupt our clients’ businesses and result in harm to our reputation, reduce the likelihood that our clients recommend us to others, oblige us to pay penalties to clients under their contracts, reduce revenues or expose us to a claim for substantial damages, regardless of whether we are responsible for that failure.

We may enter into non-standard agreements or terms and conditions that are unfavourable to us because we perceive an important economic opportunity by doing so, the competitive environment requires it or our personnel did not adequately adhere to our guidelines for the entry into contracts. If we cannot or do not perform our contractual obligations with clients, we could face legal liability, and our contracts might not always protect us adequately through limitations on the scope and/or amount of our potential liability. In each of these cases, we might face significant legal liability and our business, financial performance, financial condition and cash flows could be materially and adversely affected.

If we fail to communicate and implement impactful environmental, social, governance (ESG) initiatives in accordance and at pace with changing regulations, our business could be adversely impacted.

TELUS International's reputation with team members, customers, investors and stakeholders is related to our commitment to a caring culture, which, among other things, prioritizes our ESG initiatives related to diversity, inclusion, equity, giving back to our communities, environmental sustainability and good governance. As we expand our business, if we fail to live up to our commitments or successfully communicate our achievements in this regard or we fail to do so on a timely basis, it could result in adverse financial and operating results, and negatively impact our client retention and ability to attract and retain team members. These activities are important to our team members and are becoming a differentiating factor for clients in selecting a service provider. More and more companies, including many of our clients, are demanding that their service providers embody environmental and corporate sustainability goals that reflect their own brand image and are consistent with the ones their customers and other stakeholders have adopted. If we are unable to meet or exceed the evolving expectations of our clients in these areas or implement initiatives on a timely basis, and effectively communicate them to our clients, our reputation may suffer, which may negatively impact our ability to attract new and retain existing clients. As a result, we have invested significant resources in developing and maintaining our social purpose activities, including those supporting greenhouse gas, water consumption and energy reductions. The required levels of such investments may increase in the future as such activities become increasingly important to our clients and team members, which would increase our costs and may adversely affect our financial performance and cash flows.

Our business and financial results could be adversely affected by a number of global conditions which are outside our control and these conditions could have an effect on our clients’ businesses and, as a result, levels of business activity, demand for our services and our and our clients’ liquidity and access to capital.

Certain global conditions which are outside our control, such as economic and geopolitical conditions, acts of violence or war, natural disasters or extreme weather events and the variants arising from the COVID-19 pandemic, could have an adverse effect on our clients’ businesses. These conditions have created, and may continue to create, volatility, uncertainty and economic disruption. These impacts may be particularly impactful for us given that we have operations in 28 countries as of December 31, 2022 and we service clients across multiple geographic regions.

The global economy has entered into a period of inflation, higher interest rates and slower economic growth and some regions may experience a recessionary period and we cannot predict how long such conditions may last or what their ultimate impact may be on our business. Global economic conditions may adversely affect our liquidity and financial condition, and the liquidity and financial condition of our clients, increase the cost of borrowing and cause credit to become more limited and less available, limit our ability to access financing or increase our cost of financing to meet liquidity needs, and affect the ability of our clients to use credit to purchase our services or to make timely payments to us, all of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, financial performance and cash flows. Changes in the general level of economic activity, such as decreases in business and consumer spending, could result in pricing pressure on our services and a decrease or delay in demand for the products and services that our clients provide to their customers, and consequently reduce or delay our

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clients’ or potential clients’ demand for our services, which would reduce our revenue. In some cases, it may mean that our clients enter into insolvency proceedings or default on their obligations to us.

Acts of violence or war may adversely affect worldwide financial markets and could potentially lead to, or exacerbate, an economic recession, which could adversely affect our business, financial performance, financial condition and cash flows. These events could negatively affect our clients’ levels of business activity and precipitate sudden significant changes in regional and global economic conditions and cycles. These events also pose significant risks to our team members and to our delivery locations and operations around the world. We generally do not have insurance for losses and interruptions caused by terrorist attacks, military conflicts and wars. Any such event could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial performance, financial condition and cash flows.

In particular, in February 2022, Russia, aided by Belarus, commenced military operations in Ukraine, which are still continuing. In response to the conflict, a number of countries including the United States, Canada and other NATO countries, have imposed significant sanctions against Russia and Belarus, and a number of individuals and enterprises in both countries. The prolonged conflict has resulted in increased political uncertainties and volatility in the global economy, which is affecting businesses around the world, including our clients. The scope, intensity, duration and outcome of the conflict is uncertain. If the conflict and the sanctions intensify, this may adversely impact our clients and their demand for our services, which may have a material adverse impact on our results of operations. Additionally, although we do not operate in Russia, Belarus or Ukraine, we have operations and team members in neighboring countries and any escalation of the conflict could adversely impact our operations and team members in these countries, which could materially impact our ability to deliver services to our clients, and may have a material effect on our results of operations.

There is also no certainty that the current conflict between Russia and Ukraine will not draw military or other intervention from additional countries, which could lead to a much larger conflict and/or additional sanctions, which could further negatively impact the global economy. In addition, we cannot predict the impact that an escalation of the conflict may have on our clients and their financial conditions. Any material adverse effect on our clients, including due to conflict, could adversely impact us. Further, the risk of cybersecurity incidents has increased in connection with the ongoing conflict. It is possible that these attacks could have collateral effects on critical communications infrastructure and financial institutions globally, which could adversely affect our operations and could increase the frequency and severity of cyber-based attacks against our information technology systems. The proliferation of malware from the conflict into systems unrelated to the conflict, or cyberattacks against companies based in countries that have instituted sanctions against Russia and Belarus, such as the United States, could also adversely affect our results of operations. To the extent the current conflict between Russia and Ukraine adversely affects our business, it may also have the effect of heightening many other risks disclosed in this Annual Report.

Additionally, our operations may continue to be disrupted by variants arising from the COVID-19 pandemic and related response measures, particularly if the pandemic worsens as a result of new viral variants or otherwise. Governmental measures and regulations, such as city or country-wide lockdowns, local, domestic and international travel restrictions, vaccination requirements, as well as temporary closures of our sites and the enabling infrastructure necessary for our business to operate smoothly, may continue to result in restrictions on our ability to fully deliver services to our clients. Such measures present concerns that may dramatically affect our ability to conduct our business effectively, including, but not limited to, adverse effects on our team members’ health, a slowdown and often a stoppage of delivery, work, travel and other activities which are critical for maintaining on-going business activities. Our ability to continue operations effectively during an epidemic or pandemic, or other outbreak of disease, is dependent on a number of factors, such as the continued availability of high-quality internet bandwidth, an uninterrupted supply of electricity, the sustainability of social infrastructure to enable our team members who are working remotely to continue delivering services, and on otherwise adequate conditions for remote-working, all of which are outside of our control.

In addition, the effects of the pandemic have previously caused, and may in the future cause, our clients to defer decision making, delay planned work, reduce volumes or seek to terminate current agreements with us, particularly in verticals that are especially negatively impacted by the pandemic, such as Travel and Hospitality, as well as reduce our ability to hire new team members, disrupt our supply chain, impair our ability to generate new business and expand relationships with existing clients, all of which could adversely affect our business and financial condition. To the extent an epidemic, pandemic, or other outbreak of disease adversely affects our business, financial condition, financial performance and cash flows, it may also have the effect of heightening many of the other risks described in this “Risk Factors” section, including risks related to client confidentiality and privacy, IT security and fraud as a result of employees working from home, and exposure to wage and hour claims related to remote working. Even as the COVID-19 pandemic has moderated, we may see new variants arise and, although in some cases business conditions have eased, we may continue to experience similar adverse effects resulting from long-term changes to the behavior of our clients and a challenging economic environment that may persist.

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We are vulnerable to natural disasters, technical disruptions, pandemics, accidents and other events impacting our facilities that could severely disrupt the normal operation of our business and adversely affect our business, financial performance, financial condition and cash flows.

Our delivery locations and our data and voice communications, including in Central America, India, Europe and the Philippines, in particular, may be damaged or disrupted as a result of natural disasters or extreme weather events, including those resulting from or exacerbated by climate change, such as earthquakes, floods, volcano eruptions, heavy rains, winter storms, tsunamis and cyclones; epidemics or pandemics, or other outbreaks of disease; technical disruptions and infrastructure breakdowns including damage to, or interruption of, electrical grids, transportation systems, communication systems or telecommunication cables; issues with information technology systems and networks, including computer glitches, software vulnerabilities and electronic viruses or other malicious code; accidents and other events such as fires, floods, failures of fire suppression and detection, heating, ventilation or air conditioning systems or other events, such as protests, riots, labor unrest, security threats and terrorist attacks. Any of these events may lead to the disruption of information systems and telecommunication services for sustained periods and may create delays and inefficiencies in providing services to clients and potentially result in closure of our sites. They may also make it difficult or impossible for team members to provide our services. Damage or destruction that interrupts our provision of services could adversely affect our reputation, our relationships with our clients, our leadership team’s ability to administer and supervise our business or may cause us to incur substantial additional expenditures to repair or replace damaged equipment or sites. We may also be liable to our clients for disruption in service resulting from such damage or destruction. Our resiliency and disaster recovery plans may not be adequate to provide continuity and reliability of service during disruptions or reduce the duration and impact of service outages sufficiently or at all. While we currently have commercial liability insurance, our insurance coverage may be insufficient or may not provide coverage at all for certain events. Furthermore, we may be unable to secure such insurance coverage at premiums acceptable to us in the future, or such insurance may become unavailable. Prolonged disruption of our services could also entitle our clients to terminate their contracts with us or require us to pay penalties or damages to our clients. Any of the above factors may materially adversely affect our business, financial performance, financial condition and cash flows.

Our client contracts, which can be canceled at any time, are generally long-term, requiring us to estimate the resources and time required for the contracts upfront, and contain certain price benchmarking, compliance-related penalties and other provisions averse to us, all of which could have an adverse effect on our business, financial performance, financial condition and cash flows.

Our client contracts typically range from three to five years and in many cases may be terminated by our clients for convenience with limited notice and without payment of a penalty or termination fee, do not have specific volume commitments and allow our clients to delay, postpone, cancel or remove certain services without canceling the whole contract, all of which would adversely impact our revenue. We may not be able to replace any client that elects to terminate or not renew its contract with us, which would reduce our revenues.

Additionally, our contracts require us to comply with, or facilitate, our clients’ compliance with numerous and complex legal regimes on matters such as anti-corruption, internal and disclosure control obligations, data privacy and protection, wage-and-hour standards, and employment and labor relations. Many of our contracts contain provisions that would require us to pay penalties to our clients and provide our clients, which in some cases could result in high or unlimited liability, with the right to terminate the contract if we do not meet pre-agreed service level requirements. Failure to meet these requirements or accurately estimate the productivity benefits could result in the payment of significant penalties to our clients, which in turn could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial performance, financial condition and cash flows.

A few of our contracts allow the client, in certain limited circumstances, to request a benchmark study comparing our pricing and performance with that of an agreed list of other service providers for comparable services. Based on the results of the study and depending on the reasons for any unfavorable variance, we may be required to make improvements in the services we provide, reduce the pricing for services on a prospective basis to be performed under the remaining term of the contract, or our clients could elect to terminate the contract, any of which could have an adverse effect on our business, financial performance, financial condition and cash flows.

Some of our contracts contain provisions which, to various degrees, restrict our ability to provide certain services to other of our clients or to companies who are in competition with our clients. Such terms may restrict the same team members from providing services for competing clients, require us to ensure a certain distance between the locations from where we serve competing clients or prevent us from serving a competing client from locations in the same country, all of which reduce our flexibility in deploying our team members and delivery locations in the most effective and efficient manner and may force us to forego opportunities to attract business from companies that compete with our existing clients, even if such opportunities are more profitable or otherwise attractive to us.

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We may face difficulties in delivering complex projects for our clients that could cause clients to discontinue their work with us, which may have a material adverse impact on our financial performance, financial condition and cash flows.

Our ability to continue to expand the nature, scope and complexity of our engagements depends on our ability to attract new or existing clients to an expanded collection of service offerings. For complex projects, we are more likely to compete with large, well-established international firms, many of which have greater resources and market reputation than we do. To compete for these projects, we will likely incur increased sales and marketing costs and will need to maintain close relationships with our clients and have a thorough understanding of their operations. Our success will depend upon a number of factors, including our ability to establish such relationships, form a team with the necessary skills and meet our client needs at the necessary scale in the required timeframes. For example, if a new program requires us to hire a large number of team members with specific skills in a specific geography, we could face challenges in implementing the program on a client’s desired timetable or at all. Our failure to deliver services that meet the requirements specified by our clients could result in termination of client contracts, which could result in us being liable to our clients for significant penalties or damages and negatively impact our reputation. More complex projects may involve multiple engagements or stages, and there is a risk that a client may choose not to retain us for later stages or may cancel or delay additional planned engagements, which may be the more profitable portions of the overall planned engagement. Such cancellations or delays make it difficult to plan for project resource requirements and inaccuracies in such resource planning and allocation may have a material adverse impact on our financial performance, financial condition and cash flows.

We often face a long selling cycle, which may or may not be successful. If we are successful but fail to then successfully implement, negotiate a contract or, where applicable, run a pilot program, our business, financial performance, financial condition and cash flows may be adversely affected.

We often face a long selling cycle to secure a new client contract or launch a new program for an existing client, during which we typically incur significant business development expenses. If we are unsuccessful during the selling cycle, we will not receive revenues or reimbursement for our expenses. If we are successful, a long implementation and contract negotiation period could follow and, in some cases, a pilot program may also occur, all of which may not be successful. When we are successful, our clients may experience delays in obtaining internal approvals or delays associated with technology or system implementations, thereby delaying or lengthening the implementation cycle. We begin to receive revenues when implementation starts. There is then a long ramping up period in order to commence providing the services, which may result in further delay in us receiving revenues. If we are not successful in our sales cycle, implementation, negotiation of a contract, where applicable, running a pilot program or in maintaining or reducing the duration of unprofitable initial periods in our contracts, our business, financial performance, financial condition and cash flows may be adversely affected.

Our business may not develop in ways that we currently anticipate and demand for our services may be reduced due to negative reaction to offshore / nearshore outsourcing or automation.

We developed our strategy for future growth based on certain assumptions regarding our industry, future demand in the market for our services and the manner in which we would provide these services, including the assumption that a significant portion of the services we offer will continue to be delivered through offshore / nearshore facilities. The trend of transitioning key business processes to offshore / nearshore third parties may not continue and could reverse.

Some countries and special interest groups in the United States, Europe and other regions where we have clients have expressed a perspective that associates offshore outsourcing with the loss of jobs in a domestic economy. This has resulted in increased political and media attention to offshore outsourcing, especially in the United States. It is possible that there could be a change in the existing laws that would restrict or require disclosure of offshore outsourcing by our clients or impose new standards that have the effect of restricting the use of certain visas in the foreign outsourcing context. Some legislative proposals, if enacted as proposed, would increase the administrative and operational complexities of establishing or maintaining delivery locations in the locations where that legislation is introduced and could reduce client demand for our services. Such proposals include ones that require our delivery locations disclose their geographic locations, require notice to individuals whose personal information is disclosed to non-U.S. affiliates or subcontractors, require disclosures of companies’ foreign outsourcing practices, or restrict U.S. private sector companies that have federal government contracts, federal grants or guaranteed loan programs from outsourcing their services to offshore service providers. In addition, changes in laws and regulations concerning the transfer of personal information to other jurisdictions could limit our ability to engage in work that requires us to transfer data in one jurisdiction to another. Potential changes in tax laws may also increase the overall costs and economics of offshore outsourcing. Such changes could have an adverse impact on the economics of outsourcing for private companies in the United States, which could, in turn, have an adverse impact on our business with U.S. clients.

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Similar concerns have also led certain European Union jurisdictions to enact regulations which allow team members who are dismissed as a result of transfer of services, which may include outsourcing to non-European Union companies, to seek compensation either from the company from which they were dismissed or from the company to which the work was transferred. This could discourage European Union companies from outsourcing work offshore and/or could result in increased operating costs for us. In addition, there has been publicity about the negative experiences, such as theft and misappropriation of sensitive customer data of various companies that use offshore outsourcing.

Additionally, we may face negative public reaction to increased automation of or reduction in employment positions through the use of artificial intelligence or the other technologies we use to provide our services, which could reduce the demand for many of our service offerings. Increased negative public perception by public and private companies and related legislative efforts in economies around the world could have adverse impact on the demand for our services.

In providing our content moderation services, we may not meet the expectations of clients, their users, community members and government officials.

The content that our team members analyze is selected for review by our clients, often based on user referrals or automated identification, and is moderated by our team members, both manually and with the support of technology, based on policies and rules that are set out by our clients.

Our team members use tools developed by our clients to identify content for moderation. These tools may fail to identify content that violates our clients’ content policies or community guidelines or, in certain jurisdictions, legal requirements. This could be the result of deliberate evasive actions by users, limitations in our clients’ content identification tools, bias, errors, malfunctions and other factors. In addition, our team members may erroneously moderate content or fail to moderate content due to the subjective nature of our clients’ policies or rules, as a result of human error, as a result of the inadequacy or failure of technological tools that assist them in content moderation, or otherwise. Objectionable content that users, affected community members and government officials expect to be removed could, therefore, not be subject to review by our team members or could fail to be removed. Conversely, content that users, affected community members and government officials expect to remain on the platform could be removed by our content moderation team members. Our clients’ users or members of affected communities may disagree with decisions to remove (or not remove) certain content. For example, protesters in Belgium and Bulgaria recently alleged that our content moderation decisions disproportionately promoted anti-European and pro-Russia voices, and removed anti-Russian content that favored Ukraine.

Although the design of the methods employed to select content for review is not within the scope of the services we provide and each of our clients sets the parameters of the types of content that we are required to moderate, the failure to moderate (or not moderate) content that users, affected community members and government officials believe should be moderated (or not moderated) could adversely impact our reputation for content moderation service delivery and in the community generally, and our ability to attract and retain clients and team members. A failure to properly moderate content on our clients’ platforms could also expose us to liability to our clients or users of our clients’ platform. Additionally, a failure to moderate content in the manner expected by government officials in the markets where we operate could subject us to sanction. Furthermore, as we continue to expand our content moderation service offerings, certain clients may require us to assume liability for failure to comply with certain contractual requirements imposed by the client related to certain objectionable user-generated content on our clients’ platforms, which may increase our costs and materially impact our results of operations.

Our inability to manage our rapid growth effectively could have an adverse effect on our business and financial results.

We are experiencing rapid growth and continue to significantly expand our operations and number of team members. We expect to continue with our geographic expansion and develop and improve our internal systems in the locations where we operate in order to address the anticipated continued growth of our business, which we may not be able to do effectively or on a timely basis in order to meet the ongoing needs of our clients and to meet our current growth trajectory. We also need to manage cultural differences between our team member populations and that may increase the risk for employment law claims. Our inability to execute our growth strategy, to ensure the continued adequacy of our current systems or to manage our expansion, workforce capital and other resources effectively could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial performance, financial condition and cash flows.

We rely on certain infrastructure and third party services in order to provide our solutions and run our business and any failure, disruption or loss of the right to use such infrastructure, or disruption in the supply of third parties’ goods and services, could have an adverse effect on our business, client relationships, financial performance, financial condition and cash flows.

In order to provide our solutions and run our business, we rely on certain infrastructure and third party providers for software, services and computer hardware, either purchased or licensed.

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With respect to infrastructure, we depend on offshore and nearshore delivery locations to deliver services and so must maintain active voice and data communications and transmission among our delivery locations, our international technology hubs and our clients’ offices. Disruptions could result from, among other things, technical breakdowns, faulty systems or software, computer glitches, viruses and other malicious software, weather conditions, global pandemics and geopolitical instability. Further, our business continuity plans may not be successful in mitigating the effects of such events. We also depend on certain significant vendors for facility storage and related maintenance of our key technology equipment and data at those technology hubs, as well as for some of the third-party technology and platforms we sometimes use to deliver our services. With respect to services, we rely on a limited number of cloud computing providers for a distributed computing infrastructure platform for our business operations, or what is commonly referred to as a “cloud” computing service.

This infrastructure and third-party software, hardware, services, including cloud computing services, may not continue to be available, may not be available on commercially reasonable terms or we may experience a degradation of, disruption of or interference with their supply. Any adverse impact to our infrastructure or the right to use or failures of third-party hardware, software or services could impact our leadership team’s ability to administer and supervise our business and may result in delays in our ability to provide our solutions, maintain our quality of service or run our business until equivalent supply is developed by us or, if available, identified, obtained and integrated, which could be costly and time-consuming and may not result in an equivalent solution. In addition, if we cannot, or do not, meet our contractual obligations with vendors, they may have the right to terminate their contracts with us, in which case we may not be able to provide clients solutions and services dependent on the products or services provided to us by such contracts. Any of the foregoing could have an adverse effect on our business, client relationships, reputation, financial performance, financial condition and cash flows.

Clients could assert claims against us in connection with service disruption and/or cease conducting business with us altogether as a result of problems with the hardware we use to deliver services. Even if not successful, a claim brought against us by any of our clients would likely be time-consuming and costly to defend and could seriously damage our reputation and brand, making it harder for us to sell our solutions, any of which could have an adverse effect on our business, financial performance, financial condition and cash flows.

Additionally, certain vendors provide services to us pursuant to such vendors’ contracts with TELUS, and as a result, such services may be subject to interruptions due to factors beyond our control, or may be renegotiated from time to time without our participation on terms we cannot control. Any disruption of or interference with our use of these vendors or material changes in the price for such services would adversely impact our operations and our business, financial performance, financial condition and cash flows may be adversely impacted.

We may be unable to successfully identify, complete, integrate and realize the benefits of acquisitions or manage the associated risks, all of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial performance, financial condition and cash flows.

A key part of our business strategy is to continue to selectively consider acquisitions or investments, some of which may be material. Through the acquisitions we pursue, we may seek opportunities to expand the scope of our existing services, add new clients or enter new geographic markets. There can be no assurance that we will successfully identify suitable candidates in the future for strategic transactions at acceptable prices or at all, have sufficient capital resources or financing opportunities to finance potential acquisitions or be able to consummate any desired transactions. Our failure to complete potential acquisitions in which we have invested or may invest significant time and resources could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial performance, financial condition and cash flows. Financing of completed acquisitions may result, and in the case of WillowTree, has resulted, in the incurrence of indebtedness and the issuance of additional equity securities.

Acquisitions, including completed acquisitions, involve complex operational, technological and personnel-related challenges, which are time-consuming and require significant investment and may disrupt our ongoing business operations. Furthermore, integration involves a number of risks, including, but not limited to:

•diversion of management’s attention from operating our business;

•retaining and developing our relationships with key clients and seeking new revenue opportunities;

•failing to retain key personnel of acquired companies, particularly to competitors, or facing resultant labor disputes, strikes or similar disruptions;

•facing legal and other risks and liabilities relating to the acquisition or the acquired entity’s historic operations, which may be unanticipated or undisclosed and for which we may not be indemnified fully or at all;

•integrations of our operations including, in the case of WillowTree, doing so in compliance with the agreements entered into with members of WillowTree management;

•completion of post-acquisition activities, such as alignment of employee cultures, corporate and accounting policies, controls and procedures, employee transfers and moves, information systems integration, optimization of service offerings and the establishment of control over new operations;

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•information systems and other platform integration, including, where applicable, effective disclosure controls and procedures and internal control over financial reporting for the combined company, enabling us to continue to comply with IFRS and applicable U.S. and Canadian securities laws and regulations;

•difficulty comparing and integrating financial reporting due to differing financial and/or internal reporting systems;

•making any necessary modifications to internal controls over financial reporting to comply with applicable rules and regulations; and

•possible tax costs or inefficiencies associated with integrating the operations of the combined global company.

These factors could cause us to not fully or timely integrate acquired companies into our business, to fail to develop such companies in the way we expected or to fail to realize the anticipated growth, financial and/or strategic benefits, including but not limited to anticipated revenues and synergies of the acquisition, or cause the costs of achieving these benefits to be higher than expected, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

In addition, following the completion of acquisitions, we may be required to rely on the seller to provide administrative and other support, including financial reporting and internal controls over financial reporting, and other transition services to the acquired business for a period of time. We may not have experience in working with the sellers of the business we have acquired to obtain the necessary support to operate a newly acquired business. There can be no assurance that the seller will do so in a manner that is acceptable to us or at all.

We are subject to economic, political and other risks of doing business globally and in emerging markets.

We are a global business with a substantial majority of our physical assets and operations located outside Canada and the United States. In addition, an important component of our growth strategy is our continuing international expansion, including in Europe and Asia-Pacific. We continuously evaluate additional locations outside of our current operating geographies in which to invest in delivery locations, in order to maintain an appropriate cost structure for our client programs.

Due to the international nature of our business, we are exposed to various risks of international operations, including: adverse trade policies or trade barriers; inflation, hyperinflation and adverse economic effects resulting from governmental attempts to control inflation, such as the imposition of wage and price controls and higher interest rates; difficulties in enforcing agreements or judgments and collecting receivables in foreign jurisdictions; exchange controls or other currency restrictions and limitations on the movement of funds, such as on the remittance of dividends by subsidiaries; foreign currency fluctuations; inadequate infrastructure and logistics challenges; sovereign risk and the risk of government intervention, including through expropriation, or regulation of the economy; unexpected changes in regulatory regimes; challenges in maintaining an effective internal control environment with operations in multiple international locations, including language and cultural differences, expertise in international locations and multiple financial information systems; concerns relating to the protection and security of our personnel and assets; international trade and political disputes; and labor disruptions, civil unrest, political instability, wars or other armed conflict. These risks may be especially significant if we expand into less developed countries that have less political, social or economic stability and more vulnerable infrastructure and legal systems.

These risks may impede our strategy by limiting the countries and regions in which we are able to expand. The impacts of these risks may also only materialize after we have begun preparations and made investments to provide services in this new country or region. The exposure to these risks may require us to incur additional costs to mitigate the impact of these risks on our business or adversely affect our ability to repatriate cash.

Additionally, there continues to be a great deal of uncertainty regarding U.S. and global trade policies for companies with multinational operations like ours, and trade policies may change in a manner that disrupts our operations or otherwise negatively affects our business, financial condition and results of operations. As we continue to operate our business globally, our success will depend, in part, on the nature and extent of any such changes and how well we are able to anticipate, respond to and effectively manage any such changes.

International trade and political disputes can also adversely affect the operations of multinational corporations like ours by limiting or disrupting trade and business activity between countries or regions. For example, we may be required to limit or halt operations, terminate client relationships or forego profitable client opportunities in countries which may, in the future, be subject to sanctions or other restrictions on business activity by corporations such as ours, by U.S. or Canadian legislation, executive order or otherwise. Some of our clients have been targeted by and may, in the future, be subject to such sanctions. Additionally, failure to resolve the trade dispute between the countries may also lead to unexpected operating difficulties in certain countries, including enhanced regulatory scrutiny, greater difficulty transferring funds or negative currency impacts.

All the foregoing could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial performance, financial condition and prospects.

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If we are not able to manage our resource utilization levels or price our services appropriately, our business, financial performance, financial condition and cash flows may be adversely affected.

Our profitability is largely a function of the efficiency with which we use our resources, particularly our team members and our delivery locations, and the pricing that we are able to obtain for our services. Our resource utilization levels are affected by a number of factors, including our ability to attract, train, and retain team members, transition team members from completed projects to new assignments, forecast demand for our services (including potential client reductions in required resources or terminations) and maintain an appropriate number of team members in each of our delivery locations, as well as our need to dedicate resources to team member training and development. The prices we are able to charge for our services are affected by a number of factors, including price competition, our ability to accurately estimate revenues from client engagements, our ability to estimate resources and other costs for long-term pricing, margins and cash flows for long-term contracts, our clients’ perceptions of our ability to add value through our services, introduction of new services or products by us or our competitors, and general economic and political conditions. Therefore, if we are unable to appropriately price our services or manage our resource utilization levels, there could be a material adverse effect on our business, financial performance, financial condition and cash flows.

TALENT-RELATED RISKS

Our growth prospects are dependent upon attracting and retaining enough qualified team members to support our operations, as competition for talent is intense, and failure to do so may result in an adverse impact on our business and financial results.

Our business is highly competitive and success is dependent on our ability to access, attract and retain skilled labour in diverse markets around the world. Our growth prospects, success and ability to meet our clients’ expectations and our growth objectives depend on our ability to recruit and retain team members with the right technical skills and/or language capabilities at competitive cost levels. In many of the geographies we operate there may be a limited pool of potential professionals with the skills we seek. For example, the success of the TIAI business depends significantly on its ability to attract and retain a large number of individuals to serve as annotators in various geographic markets. If individuals choose not to offer their services through the TIAI crowdsourcing solution, or elect to offer them through a competitor’s solution, we may lack a sufficient supply of qualified individuals to service the entirety of our clients’ demand with sufficient speed, scale and quality or at all. The increased competition for these professionals increases our costs to recruit and retain team members, in particular, key sales and account management talent, without which it may reduce our ability to gain new business and maintain existing client relationships.

Additionally, our failure to provide innovative benefits to our team members could decrease our competitiveness as an employer and adversely impact our ability to attract and retain a skilled workforce. We have had to offer, and believe we will need to continue to offer, differentiated compensation packages, specific to the geography and skill sets of the required team members. We have also had to incur costs to provide specialized services and amenities to our team members that impact the profitability of our business. We may need to make significant investments to attract and retain team members and we may not realize sufficient returns on these investments. An increase in the attrition rate among our team members, particularly among our higher-skilled workforce, would increase our recruiting and training costs and decrease our operating efficiency, productivity and profit margins. From time to time, and over the course of 2022 in some regions, we have also experienced higher levels of voluntary attrition, and, in those periods, we have been required to expend time and resources to recruit and retain talent, restructure parts of our organization, and train and integrate new team members. Without the right support, we may see a decline in our ability to meet our clients’ demands, which may impact the demand for our services and we may not be able to innovate or execute quickly on our strategy, and our ability to achieve our strategic objectives will be adversely impacted and our business will be harmed. In addition, if TIAI’s top clients reduce the volume of services they receive from the TIAI business or otherwise limit, modify or terminate their relationships with us, including as a result of the change of control in TIAI in connection with the acquisition, we may lack sufficient opportunities for our independent contractors to provide annotation services, which may reduce the perceived utility of our solution.

Evolving technologies, competition and/or client demands may entail high costs associated with hiring or retaining team members, with the necessary backgrounds and skills to meet our customers’ expectations and to develop new business. Changing team member demographics, organizational changes, inadequate organizational structure and staffing, inadequate team member communication, changes in the effectiveness of our leadership, a lack of available career and development opportunities, changes in compensation and benefits, the unavailability of appropriate work processes and tools, client reductions and operational efficiency initiatives may also negatively affect team member morale and engagement, harm our ability to retain acquired talent from our acquisitions, increase team member turnover, increase the cost of talent acquisition and negatively impact service delivery and the customer experience. If we are unable to attract and retain sufficient numbers of highly skilled professionals, our ability to effectively lead our current projects and develop new business could be jeopardized, and our business, financial performance, financial condition and cash flows could be materially adversely affected.

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If we cannot maintain our culture as we grow, our services, financial performance and business may be harmed.

We believe that our unique customer-first and caring culture has led to our ability to attract and retain a highly skilled, diverse, engaged and motivated workforce. This has driven our strong client retention and the higher satisfaction scores we receive from our clients’ customers, which has, in part, been responsible for our growth and differentiation in the marketplace. It may become more difficult to maintain this culture if we continue to evolve our products and services, grow into new geographies, open new delivery locations, increase the number of team members and acquire new companies. If our unique culture is not maintained, our ability to attract and retain highly skilled team members and clients may be adversely impacted, and our operational and financial results may be negatively affected.

The inelasticity of our labor costs relative to short-term movements in client demand could adversely affect our business, financial condition and financial performance.

Our business depends on maintaining large numbers of team members to service our clients’ business needs and on being able to quickly respond to new client programs or new programs for existing clients. We try, where possible, to not terminate team members in response to temporary declines in demand. Rehiring and retraining team members at a later date could force us to incur additional expenses and we may not be able to do so in a timely manner or even find the required skill set. Termination of our team members could have a negative impact on our hiring and recruitment efforts and the morale of the remaining team members and could involve the incurrence of significant additional costs in the form of severance payments, all of which would have an adverse impact on our operating profit margins. Legal requirements related to the termination of team members in the countries and cities where we operate limit our ability to adjust our labor costs for unexpected changes in client demand, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and financial performance. See also “—Our growth prospects are dependent upon attracting and retaining enough qualified team members to support our operations, as competition for highly skilled personnel is intense, and failure to do so may result in an adverse impact on our business and financial results”.

Team member wage increases in certain geographies may prevent us from sustaining our competitive advantage and may reduce our profit margin.

Our most significant costs are the salaries and related benefits of our team members. Our wage costs in certain countries where we operate have historically been significantly lower than wage costs elsewhere, including in particular in North America, which has been one of our competitive advantages. As economic growth increases in the countries where we benefit from lower wage costs, concurrent with increased demand by us and our competitors for skilled employees, wages for comparably skilled employees are increasing at a faster rate than elsewhere, which may, over time, reduce this competitive advantage. Similarly, inflationary pressures could drive up wage costs in those areas where we have historically enjoyed a competitive advantage. In connection with potential future growth and inflation, we may need to increase our team member compensation more rapidly than in the past to remain competitive in attracting and retaining the quality and number of team members that our business requires. To the extent that we are not able to control or share wage increases with our clients, wage increases may reduce our margins and cash flows. We may not be successful in our attempts to control such costs.

Our policies, procedures and programs to safeguard the health, safety and security of our team members, particular our content moderation team members, may not be adequate.

Despite our best efforts, we may not be able to implement best practices to safeguard our team members, independent contractors, clients and others at our worksites. As a result, we may experience negative impacts to our reputation, team engagement and operations and, where applicable, we may not have any or sufficient insurance coverage for any resultant legal liability or fines arising from health, safety or security incidents.

Of particular consideration are our content moderation team members given the challenging nature of their work, which may result in adverse psychological or emotional consequences. The wellness and resiliency programs that we provide to support our content moderators may be ineffective in mitigating the effects on them of the content to which they are exposed, which could lead to higher expenses to support our team members, higher levels of voluntary attrition and increased difficulty retaining and attracting team members. If we are not able to effectively attract and retain content moderation team members, we may experience a decline in our ability to meet our clients’ expectations, which may adversely impact our reputation, our revenue and the demand for our services

We may be required under applicable law to provide accommodations for team members who experience or who assert they are experiencing mental health consequences as a result of performing content moderation. These accommodations could result in increased costs and reductions in the availability of team members who can perform these tasks, which could have a material adverse effect on our financial results. Our content moderation team members may also make claims under workers’ compensation programs or other public or private insurance programs in connection with negative mental health consequences experienced in connection with their employment, which could result in increased costs. We may also be exposed to claims by

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team members under applicable labor and other laws. Such litigation, whether or not ultimately successful, could involve significant legal fees and result in costly remediation, including payments for psychological treatment and ongoing monitoring, preventative intervention and treatment costs, which could have a material adverse effect on our financial results. The measures we have implemented to ensure the well-being of our team members may not be sufficient to mitigate the effects on team members or our potential liability under applicable law.

Our senior management team is critical to our continued success and the loss of one or more members of that team could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial performance, financial condition and cash flows.

Our future success substantially depends on the continued services and performance of the members of our senior management team, and other key team members possessing technical and business capabilities, including industry expertise, that are difficult to replace. Specifically, the loss of the services of one or more members of our senior management team, without immediate and suitable successors, could seriously impair our ability to continue to manage and expand our business. There is intense competition for experienced senior management and personnel with technical and industry expertise in our industry. Although we have entered into employment and non-competition agreements with all of our executive officers, certain terms of those agreements may not be enforceable and, in any event, these agreements do not ensure the continued service of these executive officers. Further, although we have engaged in succession planning for our senior management team, we may not successfully implement those plans. In addition, we currently do not maintain “key person” insurance covering any member of our management team. The loss of any of our key team members, particularly to competitors, could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial performance, financial condition and cash flows.

In addition, the senior management of WillowTree is critical to its continued success as part of the Company. The founder and chief executive of WillowTree, who is expected to continue to lead WillowTree’s business following the acquisition, and other key team members possessing technical and business capabilities, including industry expertise, would be difficult to replace and the loss of one or more of these members of WillowTree’s senior management team could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial performance, financial condition and cash flows. Specifically, the loss of the services of WillowTree’s founder and chief executive officer and chief commercial officer, without immediate and suitable successors, could seriously impair our ability to integrate, manage and expand WillowTree’s business as part of the combined entity. Although certain of WillowTree’s management hold securities that are convertible into cash or a combination of cash and subordinated voting shares of the Company, which will be settled over three years, beginning in 2026, subject to achievement of certain performance-based criteria, and although certain of WillowTree’s key team members (other than WillowTree’s founder and chief executive officer and chief commercial officer) are eligible to receive certain compensatory equity securities, settling on the same schedule as securities of management, such incentives may not be sufficient to retain such individuals, especially if the performance-based criteria are not met or there are disputes with respect to the performance-based criteria.

If more stringent labor laws become applicable to us, if we are subject to more employment-related litigation, if our team members unionize, strike or cause other labor-related disruptions, or become part of workers’ councils, our business and financial results may be adversely affected.

Some of the geographies where we operate have stringent employee-friendly labor legislation, including legislation that results in or imposes financial obligations on employers. Therefore, in some countries, it may be difficult for us to maintain flexible human resource policies to dismiss team members when there is a business need, and our compensation and/or legal expenses may increase significantly. Additionally, in certain of the states and regions in which we operate, we are subject to stringent wage and hour requirements, which has exposed us, and we expect will continue to expose us, to claims brought by individual team members and team member groups. Although these claims are not individually or in the aggregate material, we may be subject to more such claims in the future.

In addition, some of our team members may form unions, become part of workers’ councils or may become subject to collective bargaining agreements. In certain countries, we are subject to laws that could require us to establish a co-determined supervisory board, which could subject us to significant additional administrative requirements. As a result, we may be required to raise wage levels or grant other benefits that could result in an increase in our compensation expenses or lack of flexibility, or take on increased costs to address administrative requirements, in which case our financial performance and cash flows may be materially and adversely affected.

Furthermore, strikes by, or labor disputes with, our team members at our delivery locations and independent contractors that we retain may adversely affect our ability to conduct business. Work interruptions or stoppages could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial performance, financial condition and cash flows.

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Our business would be adversely affected if the individuals providing data annotation services through TIAI’s crowdsourcing solutions were classified as employees and not as independent contractors.

We generally believe that most of the individuals who provide their data annotation services through TIAI’s crowdsourcing solution are independent contractors. However, the classification of certain individuals who provide their services through third-party platforms as independent contractors, like TIAI’s independent contractors, is currently being challenged in courts, by legislators and by government agencies in the United States and other countries. TIAI has been involved in, and we may continue to be involved in, litigation related to this classification. We may not be successful in defending the independent contractor classification in the jurisdictions where we operate or where such classification is challenged. The costs associated with defending, settling, or resolving any future lawsuits (including demands for arbitration) relating to the independent contractor classification could be material to our business.

Changes to foreign, state, and local laws governing the definition or classification of independent contractors, or judicial decisions regarding independent contractor classification, could require classification of our independent contractors as employees (or workers, quasi-employees or other statuses in jurisdictions where those statuses exist) and/or representation of our crowd members by labor unions. If this were to occur, we could incur significant additional expenses for compensating independent contractors, potentially including expenses associated with the application of wage and hour laws (including minimum wage, overtime, and meal and rest period requirements), employee benefits, social security contributions, taxes (direct and indirect), and penalties. Further, any such reclassification could require us to change our business model for these services, which could consequently have an adverse effect on our business and financial condition.

FINANCIAL RISKS

If we are unable to accurately forecast our pricing models or optimize the mix of products and services we provide to meet changing client demands, or if we are unable to adapt to changing pricing and procurement demands of our clients, our business, financial performance, financial condition and cash flows may be adversely affected.

Our contracts generally use a pricing model that provides for per-productive-hour or per-transaction billing models and compensation for materials and licensing costs. In some of our customer experience management contracts, we commit to long-term pricing structures under which we bear the risk of cost overruns, completion delays, resource requirements, wage inflation and adverse movements in exchange rates in connection with these contracts. Industry pricing models are evolving, and companies are increasingly requesting transaction- or outcome-based pricing or other alternative pricing models, which require us to accurately forecast the cost of performance of the contract against the compensation we expect to receive. These forecasts are based on a number of assumptions relating to existing and potential contracts with existing and potential clients, including assumptions related to the team members, other resources and time required to perform the services and our clients’ ultimate use of the contracted service. If we make inaccurate assumptions in pricing our contracts, our profitability may be negatively affected. In addition, if the number of our clients that request alternative pricing models continues to increase in line with industry trends, we may be unable to maintain our historical levels of profitability under these evolving alternative pricing models and our financial performance may be adversely affected, or we may not be able to offer pricing that is attractive relative to our competitors. Some of our clients’ may continue to evolve their procurement methodology by increasing the use of alternative methods, such as reverse auctions. These methods may impact our ability to gain new business and maintain profit margins, and may require us to adapt our sales techniques, which we may be unsuccessful in doing in a timely manner or at all.

In addition, the revenue and income generated from the services we provide to our clients may decline or vary as the type and volume of services we provide under our contracts change over time, including as a result of a shift in the mix of products and services provided. For example, our lower-complexity interactions generate services with lower margins compared to our more complex, sensitive and localized content moderation and digital services, and a shift in the mix of these two types of services by a client could cause a meaningful change in our revenue from that client and the profitability of the services we provide. Furthermore, our clients, some of which have experienced significant and adverse changes in their business, substantial price competition and pressures on their profitability, have in the past and may in the future demand price reductions, decrease the volume of work or complexity of the services we are providing to them, automate some or all of their processes or change their customer experience strategy by moving more work in-house or to other providers, any of which could reduce our profitability. Any inability to accurately forecast the pricing that we use for our contracts, or any significant reduction in or the elimination of the use of the services we provide to any of our clients or any requirement to lower our prices that, in each case, we fail to anticipate, would harm our business, financial performance, financial condition and cash flows.

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Three clients account for a significant portion of our revenue and loss of or reduction in business from, or consolidation of, these or any other major clients could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, financial performance and prospects.

We have derived and believe that, in the near term, we will continue to derive, a significant portion of our revenue from a limited number of large clients. For the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, three clients each accounted for more than 10% of our revenues, and for the year ended December 31, 2020, two clients each accounted for more than 10% of our revenues. TELUS Corporation, our controlling shareholder and largest client for the year ended December 31, 2022, accounted for approximately 17.3%, 16.1% and 19.6% of our revenue for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively. Our second largest client for the year ended December 31, 2022, a leading social media company, accounted for 15.0%, 17.7% and 15.6% of our revenue for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively. Our third largest client, Google, accounted for approximately 11.9%, 11.0% and 7.5% of our revenue for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively.

Our largest client, based on our revenue earned from them, is TELUS, our controlling shareholder. We provide services to TELUS under the master services agreement (TELUS MSA), which expires in January 2031. The TELUS MSA provides for a minimum annual spend of $200 million, subject to adjustment in accordance with its terms, although TELUS has the ability to delay or terminate specific services for certain specified reasons with limited notice. See “Item 7B—Related Party Transactions—Our Relationship with TELUS—Master Services Agreement”. In addition, the master services agreements (MSAs) with all other clients do not have minimum annual spend and the terms of these master service agreements permit our clients to delay, postpone or even terminate contracted services at their discretion and with limited notice to us.

The volume of work performed for specific clients or the revenue we generate can vary from year to year. For example, a client may demand price reductions, change its customer engagement strategy or move work in-house. Also, in many of the verticals in which we offer services, the continued consolidation activity could result in the loss of a client if, as a result of a merger or acquisition involving one or more of our clients, the surviving entity chooses to use one of our competitors for the services we currently provide or to provide the services we offer in-house. Our clients may also choose to consolidate their providers as they grow, as their business needs change, or as their leadership changes, and we could be removed from a client’s vendor network. As a result of the foregoing, a major client in one year may not provide the same level of revenue in any subsequent year. Any significant reduction in or elimination of the use of the services we provide as a result of consolidation or our removal from a key client’s vendor network would result in reduced revenue to us and could harm our business. In addition, such consolidation may encourage clients to apply increasing pressure on us to lower the prices we charge for our solutions. All the foregoing could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, financial performance and prospects.

Our operating results may experience significant variability and, as a result, it may be difficult for us to make accurate financial forecasts and our actual operating results may experience variability, including falling short of our forecasts.

Our growth has not been, and in the future is not expected to be, linear as our period-to-period results fluctuate due to certain factors, including client demand, a long selling cycle, delays or failures by our clients to provide anticipated business, losses or wins of key clients, variations in team member utilization rates resulting from changes in our clients’ operations, delays or difficulties in expanding our delivery locations and infrastructure (including hiring new team members or constructing new delivery locations), capital investment amounts that may be inappropriate if our financial forecasts are inaccurate, changes to our pricing structure or that of our competitors, currency fluctuations, seasonal changes in the operations of our clients, our ability to recruit team members with the right skill set, failure to meet service delivery requirements as a result of technological disruptions, the timing of acquisitions and other events identified in this Annual Report, all of which may significantly impact our results and the accuracy of our forecasts from period to period. For example, the volume of business with some of our clients in our Travel and Hospitality vertical is significantly affected by seasonality, with our revenue typically higher in the third and fourth quarters due to spending patterns of our clients with calendar fiscal years. As a result, it may be difficult for us to accurately make financial forecasts and our actual operating results may experience variability, including falling short of our forecasts.

We may need to raise additional funds to pursue our growth strategy or continue our operations, and we may be unable to raise capital when needed or on acceptable terms, which could lead us to be unable to expand our business.

From time to time, we may seek additional financing to fund our growth, enhance our technology, respond to competitive pressures or make acquisitions or other investments. We cannot predict the timing or amount of any such capital requirements at this time. General economic, financial or political conditions in our markets may deteriorate or other circumstances may arise, which, in each case, may have a material adverse effect on our cash flows and our business, leading us to seek additional capital. We may be unable to obtain financing on satisfactory terms, or at all. In this case, we may be unable to expand our business at the rate desired, or at all, and our financial performance may suffer. Financing through issuances of equity securities would be dilutive to holders of our shares.

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If we are unable to collect our receivables from, or bill our unbilled services to, our clients, our financial performance, financial condition and cash flows could be adversely affected.

Our business depends on our ability to successfully obtain payment from our clients for work performed and to bill and collect on what are usually relatively short cycles. We evaluate the financial condition of our clients and maintain allowances against receivables, which we might not accurately assess. Actual losses on client balances could differ from what we anticipate and, as a result, we might need to adjust our allowances. Macroeconomic conditions could result, and have resulted, in financial difficulties for our clients which could cause clients to delay payments to us, request modifications to their payment arrangements or default on their payment obligations to us, including, in some cases, as a result of insolvency or bankruptcy. Timely collection of client balances also depends on our ability to complete our contractual commitments, including delivering on the service level our clients expect, and bill and collect our contracted revenues. If our client is not satisfied with our services or we are otherwise unable to meet our contractual requirements, we might experience delays in the collection of and/or be unable to collect our client balances and, if this occurs, our financial performance, financial condition and cash flows could be adversely affected. In addition, if we experience an increase in the time to bill and collect for our services, our cash flows could be adversely affected.

We are subject to additional regulatory compliance requirements, including Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act. We had identified material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting.

Effective internal control over financial reporting is necessary for us to provide reliable financial reports. Effective internal controls, together with adequate disclosure controls and procedures, are designed to prevent or detect material misstatement due to fraud or error and to provide reasonable assurance as to the reliability of financial reporting. Deficiencies in our internal controls may adversely affect our management’s ability to record, process, summarize, and report financial data on a timely basis. As a public company, we are required by Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (Sarbanes-Oxley Act) and applicable Canadian securities laws, including National Instrument 52-109—Certification of Disclosure in Issuers’ Annual and Interim Filings, to include a report of management’s assessment on our internal control over financial reporting and an independent auditor’s attestation report on our internal control over financial reporting in our annual reports on Form 20-F or Form 40-F, subject to certain exceptions. If we fail to comply with the applicable requirements of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, we may be subject to sanctions, investigations or other enforcement actions by regulatory authorities, including the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) and the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE).

As of December 31, 2021, we had identified material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting. Specifically, the Company did not fully design and implement effective controls in response to the risks of material misstatement related to the ongoing integration into our internal control framework of entities acquired by the Company during fiscal year 2020, in particular Lionbridge AI, which was acquired on December 31, 2020, resulting in ineffective control in the financial reporting processes of these recent acquisitions. In response, we have implemented measures during fiscal year 2022 designed to ensure that the control deficiencies in the acquired entities were remediated, such that these controls are designed, implemented, and operating effectively over a sustained period. Based on management assessment as of December 31, 2022, we concluded that these material weaknesses have been remediated. We cannot provide assurance that we will not identify new material weaknesses or that our internal control over financial reporting will be effective in accomplishing all control objectives all of the time. If we fail to maintain an effective system of internal control over financial reporting in the future, we may not be able to accurately and timely report on our operating results or financial condition, which could adversely affect investor confidence in our company and the market price of our subordinate voting shares.

In preparing our financial statements, we make certain assumptions, judgments and estimates, including in particular with respect to the book value of our goodwill, that affect amounts reported in our consolidated financial statements, which, if not accurate, may significantly impact our financial results.

In preparing our financial statements, we make certain assumptions, judgments and estimates that affect amounts reported in our consolidated financial statements, which, if not accurate, may significantly impact our financial results. We make assumptions, judgments and estimates for a number of items, including those listed in “Item 11—Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk”. Actual results could differ materially from our estimates, and such differences could significantly impact our financial results.

In connection with the acquisition of WillowTree and other acquisitions, we have recorded, and in connection with our acquisition strategy, we anticipate continuing to record a significant amount of goodwill. Our carrying value of goodwill is periodically tested for impairment on an annual basis. We assess our goodwill by comparing the recoverable amounts of our cash generating unit to its carrying value. To the extent that the carrying value exceeds its recoverable amount, the excess amount would be recorded as a reduction in the carrying value of goodwill and any remainder would be recorded as a reduction in the carrying value of other assets on a prorated basis. In the event that the carrying amount of goodwill is impaired, any such impairment would be charged to earnings in the period of impairment. Since this involves the use of estimates and our

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judgment, we cannot assure that any future impairment of goodwill will not have a material adverse effect on our financial performance.

We may incur liabilities for which we are not insured, and may suffer reputational damage in connection with certain claims against us.

We could be sued directly for claims that could be significant, such as claims related to breaches of privacy or network security, infringement of intellectual property rights, violation of wage and hour laws, or systemic discrimination, and our contracts may not fully limit or insulate us from those liabilities. Additionally, in our contracts with our clients, we indemnify our clients for losses they may incur for our failure to deliver services pursuant to the terms of service set forth in such service contracts, and a limited number of our service contracts provide for high or unlimited liability for the benefit of our clients related to damages resulting from breaches of privacy or data security in connection with the provision of our services. Although we have various insurance coverage plans in place, that coverage may not continue to be available on reasonable terms or in sufficient amounts to cover one or more claims. The policies may also have exclusions which would limit our ability to recover under them, the limits under the policy may be insufficient, or our insurers may deny coverage following their investigation of a claim. Currently we do not have insurance in place for certain types of claims, such as patent infringement, violation of wage and hour laws, failure to provide equal pay in the United States and our indemnification obligations to our clients based on employment law, because it is either not available or is not economically feasible. The successful assertion of one or more large claims against us that are excluded from our insurance coverage or exceed available insurance coverage, or changes in our insurance policies could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial performance, financial condition and cash flows. Furthermore, the assertion of such claims, whether or not successful, could cause us to incur reputational damage, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial performance, financial condition and cash flows.

We may not be able to comply with the covenants in our credit agreement, service our debt or obtain additional financing on competitive terms, which could result in a default of our credit agreement.

Our credit agreement contains various restrictive covenants. Our ability to comply with the restrictive covenants in our credit agreement, including the Net Debt to EBITDA ratio covenant, will depend upon our future performance and various other factors, including but not limited to our financial performance, macroeconomic conditions and competitive factors, many of which are beyond our control. The credit agreement also contains covenants related to our relationship with TELUS, which are not in our control. We may not be able to maintain compliance with all of these covenants. In that event, we may not be able to access the borrowing availability under our credit agreement and we may need to seek an amendment to our credit agreement or may need to refinance our indebtedness. There can be no assurance that we can obtain future amendments of or waivers under our existing and any future credit agreements and instruments, or refinance borrowings under our credit agreement, and, even if we were able to obtain an amendment or waiver in the future, such relief may only last for a limited period. Any noncompliance by us with the covenants under our credit agreement could result in an event of default thereunder, which may allow the lenders to accelerate payment of the related debt and may result in the acceleration of any other debt to which a cross-acceleration or cross-default provision applies. In the event our creditors accelerate the repayment of our indebtedness, we cannot assure you that we would have sufficient assets to make such repayment.

Our cash flow from operating activities will provide the primary source of funds for our debt service payments. If our cash flow from operating activities declines, we may not be able to service or refinance our current debt, which could adversely affect our business and financial condition. Our credit facility exposes us to changes in interest rates. We currently use a cross-currency interest rate swap to effect a net investment hedge, which also converts an amortizing portion of our credit facility to a fixed interest rate, thus reducing a portion of our variable rate interest exposure; however, such hedging activities may not be successful in mitigating the risk of increasing interest rates, which may increase our debt service payments.

Fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates could harm our financial performance.

Our primary operating currency is the U.S. dollar, but we also generate revenue and incur expenses in other currencies, including the European euro, the Philippine peso and the Canadian dollar. As we expand our operations to new countries, our exposure to currency fluctuations will increase. Fluctuations in currency exchange rates between the U.S. dollar and other currencies we transact in may adversely impact our financial results.

Our financial performance could be adversely affected over time by certain movements in exchange rates, particularly if currencies in which we incur expenses appreciate against the U.S. dollar or if the currencies in which we receive revenues depreciate against the U.S. dollar. Although we take steps to hedge a portion of our foreign currency exposures, a portion remains unhedged and there is no assurance that our hedging strategy will be successful or that the hedging markets will have sufficient liquidity or depth for us to implement our strategy in a cost-effective manner. In addition, in some countries such as China, we are subject to legal restrictions on hedging activities, as well as convertibility of currencies, which could limit our ability to use cash generated in one country to invest in another and could limit our ability to hedge our exposures. Finally, our hedging policies only provide near term protection from exchange rate fluctuations. If currencies in which we incur expenses

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appreciate against the U.S. dollar, we may have to consider additional means of maintaining profitability, including by increasing pricing or reducing costs, which may or may not be achievable.

Our financial condition could be negatively affected if countries reduce or withdraw tax benefits and other incentives currently provided to companies within our industry or if we are no longer eligible for these benefits.

TELUS International operates in multiple jurisdictions with different tax policies and tax rates, which increases our exposures to multiple forms of taxation. Our tax expense and cash tax liability in the future could be adversely affected by various factors, including, but not limited to, changes in tax laws (including tax rates and the potential introduction of global minimum taxes), regulations, accounting principles or interpretations, the potential adverse outcome of tax examinations, our assessment of the availability of certain tax incentives and exemptions and international tax complexity and compliance. Changes in the valuation of deferred tax assets and liabilities, which may result from a decline in our profitability or changes in tax rates or legislation, could have a material adverse effect on our tax expense.

Our subsidiaries file tax returns and pay taxes in the various jurisdictions in which they are resident and carry on their business activities. Our tax expense and cash tax liability (including interest and penalties) could be adversely affected if a country were to successfully argue that any of our subsidiaries is resident in, or carries on business in, a country that is different from any jurisdiction in which it files its tax returns and pays taxes.

Certain cross-border payments may be subject to withholding taxes in the jurisdiction of the payer. Our tax expense and cash tax liability (including interest and penalties) could be adversely affected if a country were to successfully argue that any cross-border payments by our subsidiaries are subject to withholding tax in a manner or at a rate that differs from any amounts actually withheld in respect of any applicable withholding taxes. In addition, our tax expense and cash tax liability (including interest and penalties) could be adversely affected if a country were to successfully dispute the quantum and timing of any deduction related to any cross-border payment.

Additionally, certain of our delivery locations, such as those in India, Philippines, El Salvador and Turkey, benefit from certain corporate tax incentives, benefits and exemptions. To the extent such favorable tax treatments are disputed, discontinued or phased out (like tax exemptions applicable to our Indian delivery locations), or we lose eligibility for them, our effective tax rate may increase and our financial condition and results of operations could be adversely affected.

Furthermore, our US subsidiaries are subject to the base erosion and anti-abuse tax (BEAT), which was enacted in 2017 as a part of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act. The BEAT is a minimum tax that applies to the extent that a taxpayer’s BEAT liability exceeds the regular tax liability. The United States Internal Revenue Service (IRS) could disagree with our calculation of the BEAT liability or the interpretations on which those calculations are based and assess additional taxes, interest and penalties, adversely affecting our financial condition and results of operations.

If tax authorities were to successfully challenge the transfer pricing of our cross-border intercompany transactions, our tax liability may be different.

We have cross-border transactions among our subsidiaries in relation to various aspects of our business, including operations, financing, marketing, sales and delivery functions. Canadian transfer pricing regulations, as well as regulations applicable in other countries in which we operate, require that any cross-border transaction involving associated enterprises be on arm’s-length terms and conditions. We view the cross-border transactions entered into by our subsidiaries to be in accordance with the relevant transfer pricing laws and regulations. If, however, a tax authority in any jurisdiction successfully challenges our position and asserts that the terms and conditions of such cross-border transactions are not on arm’s-length terms and conditions, or that other income of our affiliates should be taxed in that jurisdiction, our tax liability, including accrued interest and penalties, may be different, which could cause our tax expense to be different, possibly materially, thereby changing our profitability and cash flows, which in turn could have a material adverse effect on our financial performance, effective tax rate and financial condition.

Tax legislation and the results of actions by taxing authorities may have an adverse effect on our operations and our overall tax rate.

The Government of Canada or governing bodies in other jurisdictions where we have a presence could enact new tax legislation which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial performance, financial condition and cash flows. In addition, our ability to repatriate surplus earnings from our delivery locations in a tax-efficient manner is dependent upon interpretations of local laws, possible changes in such laws and the renegotiation of existing bilateral tax treaties. Changes to any of these may adversely affect our overall tax rate, or the cost of our services to our clients, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial performance, financial condition and cash flows.

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Certain income of our non-Canadian subsidiaries may be taxable in Canada, and if the Canadian tax authorities were to successfully dispute the quantum of such income, our tax expense and tax liability may increase.

Certain income of our non-Canadian subsidiaries that is passive in nature or that has a particular connection to Canada may be taxable in Canada under the “foreign affiliate property income” (FAPI) regime in the Income Tax Act (Canada). Our tax expense and cash tax liability (including interest and penalties) could be adversely affected if the Canadian tax authorities were to successfully dispute the quantum of any FAPI earned by our non-Canadian subsidiaries, thereby adversely affecting our business, financial performance, financial condition and cash flows.

LEGAL & REGULATORY RISKS

We and our clients are subject to laws and regulations globally, which increases the difficulty of compliance and may involve significant costs and risks. Any failure to comply with applicable legal and regulatory requirements could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial performance, financial condition and cash flows.

The jurisdictions where we operate, as well as our contracts, require us to comply with or facilitate our clients’ compliance with numerous, complex, often evolving and sometimes conflicting legal regimes, both domestically and internationally. These laws and regulations relate to a number of aspects of our business, including anti-corruption, internal and disclosure control obligations, data privacy and protection, wage-and-hour standards, employment and labor relations, trade protections and restrictions, import and export control, tariffs, taxation, sanctions, data and transaction processing security, payment card industry data security standards, records management, user-generated content hosted on websites we operate, privacy practices, data residency, sustainability including climate-related activities, corporate governance, anti-trust and competition, team member and third-party complaints, telemarketing regulations, telephone consumer regulations, government affairs and other regulatory requirements affecting trade and investment. Failure to perform our services in a manner that complies with any such requirements could result in breaches of contracts with our clients. The application of these laws and regulations to our clients is often unclear, evolving and may at times conflict. The global nature of our operations increases the difficulty of compliance. For example, in many foreign countries, particularly in those with developing economies, it is common to engage in business practices that are prohibited by regulations applicable to us or our clients, including Canada’s Corruption of Foreign Public Officials Act and the United States Foreign Corrupt Practices Act. We cannot provide assurance that our clients will not take actions in violation of our internal policies or Canadian or United States laws. Further, new regulations for climate-change disclosure and other sustainability efforts are being considered in many jurisdictions around the world and may be applied differently in different regions. Compliance with these laws and regulations may involve significant costs, consume significant time and resources or require changes in our business practices that result in reduced revenue and profitability. We may also face burdensome and expensive governmental investigations or enforcement actions regarding our compliance, including being subject to significant fines. Non-compliance could also result in fines, damages, criminal sanctions against us, our officers or our team members, prohibitions on the conduct of our business, and damage to our reputation, restrictions on our ability to process information, allegations by our clients that we have not performed our contractual obligations or other unintended consequences. In addition, we are required under various laws to obtain and maintain accreditations, permits and/or licenses for the conduct of our business in all jurisdictions in which we have operations and, in some cases, where our clients receive our services, including the United States, Canada and Europe. If we do not maintain our accreditations, licenses or other qualifications to provide our services or if we do not adapt to changes in legislation or regulation, we may have to cease operations in the relevant jurisdictions and may not be able to provide services to existing clients or be able to attract new clients. Our failure to comply with applicable legal and regulatory requirements could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial performance, financial condition and cash flows.

The unauthorized disclosure of sensitive or confidential data (including customer, client, and/or employee data), through cyberattacks or otherwise, could expose us to potential harms including fines, fees, or penalties, protracted and costly litigation, reputational damage, and loss of business relationships.

We process, and sometimes collect and/or store sensitive data, including, but not limited to, personal data regulated by the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), The Personal Information Protection and Electronic Documents Act, California Consumer Privacy Act (CCPA), the California Invasion of Privacy Act, Personal Data Protection Bill of 2018, and the Data Privacy Act of 2012, of our clients’ end customers in connection with our services, including names, addresses, social security numbers, personal health information, credit card account numbers, checking and savings account numbers and payment history records, such as account closures and returned checks. In addition, we collect and store data regarding our team members. As a result, we are or may be subject to various data protection laws and regulations (as described above), and other industry-specific regulations and privacy laws and standards in the countries in which we operate, including the GDPR, the CCPA, HIPAA, the Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health Act and the Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard. Failure to comply with applicable laws, regulations and standards could result in significant fines and penalties. The legislative and regulatory frameworks for privacy issues are rapidly evolving in many jurisdictions where we operate and are likely to remain uncertain and dynamic for the foreseeable future. The interpretation and application of such legal and regulatory regimes is often unclear or unsettled, and they may be interpreted and applied in a manner inconsistent with our current policies

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and practices, which may require changes to the features of our company’s platform or prohibit certain of our operations in certain jurisdictions. In addition, certain jurisdictions have adopted laws and regulations that restrict the transfer of data belonging to residents outside of their country. These laws and regulations could limit our ability to transfer such data to the locations in which we conduct operations, which would place limitations on our ability to operate our business.

Many jurisdictions, including all U.S. states, have enacted laws requiring companies to notify individuals and, in some instances, regulatory or other authorities of security breaches involving certain types of personal information. In addition, our agreements with our clients may obligate us to investigate and notify our clients of, and provide cooperation to our clients with respect to, such breaches. Many of our agreements with our clients do not include any limitation on our liability to them with respect to breaches of our obligation to keep the information we receive from them confidential. A failure to timely comply with these notification requirements could expose us to liability, including through statutory fines, fees, and penalties, as well as litigation on behalf of impacted clients or individuals.

Companies in the European Union have faced fines for violations of certain provisions under the GDPR and foreign governments outside of the European Union are taking steps to fortify their data privacy laws and regulations. For example, Brazil, India, the Philippines as well as some countries in Central America and Asia-Pacific and some U.S. states, have implemented or are considering GDPR-like data protection laws which could impact our engagements with clients (existing and potential), vendors and team members in those countries. The GDPR and the introduction of similar legislation in other jurisdictions increases the cost of regulatory compliance and increases the risk of non-compliance therewith, which could have an adverse effect on our business, financial performance, financial condition and cash flows.

Although our network security and the authentication of our customer credentials are designed to protect against unauthorized disclosure, alteration and destruction of, and access to, data on our networks, it is impossible for such security measures to be perfectly effective. There can be no assurance that such measures function as expected or are sufficient to protect our network infrastructure against attacks or other failures that could lead to data compromise, and there can be no assurance that such measures successfully prevent or mitigate service interruptions or further security incidents. All network infrastructure is vulnerable to rapidly evolving cyber-attacks, and our user data and corporate systems and security measures may be breached due to the actions of outside parties (including malicious cyberattacks), team member or vendor error, malfeasance, internal bad actors, a combination of these, or otherwise. A breach may allow an unauthorized party to obtain access to or exfiltrate our data or our users’ or clients’ data. Additionally, outside parties may attempt to fraudulently induce team members, users or clients to install malicious software, disclose sensitive information or access credentials, or take other actions that may provide access to our data or our users’ or clients’ data. Because modern networking and computing environments are increasing in complexity and techniques used to obtain unauthorized access, disable or degrade service or sabotage systems change frequently, increase in sophistication over time or may be designed to remain dormant until a predetermined event and often are not recognized until launched against a target, we may be unable to anticipate these techniques, implement adequate preventative measures, or timely detect a compromise. If an actual or perceived breach of our security occurs (or a breach of a client’s security that can be attributed to our fault or is perceived to be our fault), the market perception of the effectiveness of our security measures could be harmed and we could lose users and clients. Security breaches also expose us to a risk of loss of this information, class action or other litigation brought both by clients and by individuals whose information was compromised, remediation costs, increased costs for security measures, loss of revenue, damage to our reputation, and potential liability.

While we believe our team members undergo appropriate training with respect to cybersecurity and privacy, if any person, including any of our team members, negligently disregards or intentionally breaches controls or procedures with which we are responsible for complying with respect to such data or otherwise mismanages or misappropriates that data, or if unauthorized access to or disclosure of data in our possession or control occurs, we could be subject to significant liability to our clients or our clients’ customers for breaching contractual confidentiality and security provisions or for permitting access to personal information subject to privacy laws, as well as liability and penalties in connection with any violation of applicable privacy laws or criminal prosecution. Unauthorized disclosure of sensitive or confidential client or team member data, whether through breach of computer systems, systems failure, team member or vendor negligence, fraud or misappropriation, or otherwise, could damage our reputation and cause us to lose clients and result in liability to individuals whose information was compromised. Similarly, unauthorized access to or through our information systems and networks or those we develop or manage for our clients, whether by our team members or third parties, could result in negative publicity, damage to our reputation, loss of clients or business, class action or other litigation, costly regulatory investigations and other potential liability.

In addition, certain third parties to whom we outsource certain of our services or functions, or with whom we interface, store our information assets or our clients’ confidential information, as well as those third parties’ providers, are also subject to the risks outlined above. Although we generally require our vendors to hold sufficient liability insurance and provide indemnification for any liability resulting from the vendor’s breach of the services agreement, a breach or attack affecting these third parties, any delays in our awareness of the occurrence of such breach or attack, or our any third parties’ inability to promptly remedy such a breach or attack, could also harm our reputation, business, financial performance, financial condition and cash flows, and could subject us to liability for damages to our clients and their customers. As part of our due diligence

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efforts, we require our suppliers to complete privacy and security assessments and we endeavor to include provisions in our contracts requiring compliance with IT security and privacy and data protection best practices and provisions granting us the right to audit compliance with these requirements. These efforts to ensure third parties have robust cybersecurity and privacy capabilities may not be sufficient to adequately protect our Company and its assets. Further, failure to select third parties that have robust cybersecurity and privacy capabilities may also jeopardize our ability to attract new clients, who may factor their assessment of risks associated with such third parties in their decision.

Cyber-attacks penetrating the network security of our data centers or any unauthorized disclosure or access to confidential information and data of our clients or their end customers could also have a negative impact on our reputation and client confidence, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial performance, financial condition and cash flows.

Our team members, contractors, consultants or other associated parties may behave in contravention of our internal policies or laws and regulations applicable to us, or otherwise act unethically or illegally, which could harm our reputation or subject us to liability.

We have implemented and periodically review and update internal policies, including a code of ethics and conduct and policies related to security, privacy, respectful behavior in the workplace, anti-bribery and anti-corruption, security, localized labor and employment regulations, health and safety and securities trading in order to promote and enforce ethical conduct and compliance with laws and regulations applicable to us. Compliance with these policies requires awareness and understanding of the policies and any changes therein by the parties to whom they apply. We may fail to effectively or timely communicate internal policies or changes therein to our team members, contractors, consultants or other associates, and such persons may otherwise fail to follow our policies for reasons beyond our control. We are exposed to the risk that our team members, independent contractors, consultants or other associates may engage in activity that is unethical, illegal or otherwise contravenes our internal policies or the laws and regulations applicable to us, whether intentionally, recklessly or negligently. It may not always be possible to identify and deter misconduct, and the precautions we take to detect and prevent this activity may be ineffective in controlling unknown or unmanaged risks or losses or in protecting us from governmental investigations or other actions or lawsuits stemming from a failure to comply with these laws or regulations. If any such actions are instituted against us, and we are not successful in defending ourselves or asserting our rights, those actions could have a significant impact on our business, including harm to our reputation and the imposition of significant fines or other sanctions, all of which could have a material adverse effect on our client relationships, business, financial condition and financial performance.

Our business could be materially and adversely affected if we do not protect our intellectual property or if our services are found to infringe on the intellectual property of others.

Our success depends in part on certain methodologies, practices, tools and technical expertise. We engage in designing, developing, implementing and maintaining applications and other proprietary materials. In order to protect our rights in these various materials, we may seek protection under trade secret, patent, copyright and trademark laws. We also generally enter into confidentiality and nondisclosure agreements with our clients and potential clients, and third-party vendors, and seek to limit access to and distribution of our proprietary information. For our team members and independent contractors, we require confidentiality and proprietary information agreements. These measures may not prevent misappropriation or infringement of our intellectual property or proprietary information and a resulting loss of competitive advantage. Additionally, we may not be successful in obtaining or maintaining trademarks for which we have applied.

We may be unable to protect our intellectual property and proprietary technology or brand effectively, which may allow competitors to duplicate our technology and products and may adversely affect our ability to compete with them. Given our international operations, the laws, rules, regulations and treaties in effect in the jurisdictions in which we operate, the contractual and other protective measures we take may not be adequate to protect us from misappropriation or unauthorized use of our intellectual property, or from the risk that such laws could change. To the extent that we do not protect our intellectual property effectively, other parties, including former team members, with knowledge of our intellectual property may leave and seek to exploit our intellectual property for their own or others’ advantage. We may not be able to detect unauthorized use and take appropriate steps to enforce our rights, and any such steps may not be successful. Infringement by others of our intellectual property, including the costs of enforcing our intellectual property rights, may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial performance, financial condition and cash flows.

In addition, competitors or others may allege that our systems, processes, marketing, data usage or technologies infringe on their intellectual property rights. Non-practicing entities may also bring baseless, but nonetheless costly to defend, infringement claims. We could be required to indemnify our clients if they are sued by a third party for intellectual property infringement arising from materials that we have provided to the clients in connection with our services and deliverables. We may not be successful in defending against such intellectual property claims or in obtaining licenses or an agreement to resolve any intellectual property disputes. Given the complex, rapidly changing and competitive technological and business environment in which we operate, and the potential risks and uncertainties of intellectual property-related litigation, we cannot provide assurances that a future assertion of an infringement claim against us or our clients will not cause us to alter our

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business practices, lose significant revenues, incur significant license, royalty or technology development expenses, or pay significant monetary damages or legal fees and costs. Any such claim for intellectual property infringement may have a material adverse effect on our business, reputation, financial performance, financial condition and cash flows.

We may be subject to litigation and other disputes, which could result in significant liabilities and adversely impact our financial results.

From time to time, we are subject to lawsuits, arbitration proceedings, and other claims brought or threatened against us in the ordinary course of business. These actions and proceedings may involve claims for, among other things, compensation for personal injury, workers’ compensation, employment discrimination, wage and hour and other employment-related damages, damages related to breaches of privacy or data security, breach of contract, property damage, liquidated damages, consequential damages, punitive damages and civil penalties or other losses, or injunctive or declaratory relief. In addition, we may also be subject to actions by state regulators and other government entities, class action lawsuits, including those alleging violations of the Fair Labor Standards Act, state and municipal wage and hour laws, or the laws applicable to the classification of independent contractors.

Due to the inherent uncertainties of litigation, particularly class action lawsuits, and other dispute resolution proceedings, we cannot accurately predict their ultimate outcome. Accordingly, the magnitude of the potential loss may remain unknown for substantial periods of time, we may be required to devote substantial resources to defend such lawsuits and our costs could be substantial. The ultimate resolution of any litigation or proceeding through settlement, mediation, or a judgment could have a material adverse impact on our reputation and adversely affect our financial performance and financial position.

TELUS RELATIONSHIP RISKS

TELUS and its directors and officers have limited liability to us and could engage in business activities that could be adverse to our interests and negatively affect our business.

TELUS and its directors and officers have no legal obligation to refrain from engaging in the same or similar business activities or lines of business as we do or from doing business with any of our clients. Any such activities could be averse to our interests and could negatively affect our business, financial performance, financial condition and cash flows.

Potential indemnification liabilities to TELUS pursuant to various intercompany agreements could materially and adversely affect our businesses, financial condition, financial performance and cash flows.

The agreements between us and TELUS, among other things, provide for indemnification obligations designed to make us financially responsible for liabilities that may exist relating to our business activities. If we are required to indemnify TELUS under the circumstances set forth in the agreements we enter into with TELUS, we may be subject to substantial liabilities. Please refer to “Item 7B—Related Party Transactions—Our Relationship with TELUS”.

Certain of our executive officers and directors may have actual or potential conflicts of interest.

Certain of our executive officers and directors may have relationships with third parties that could create, or appear to create, potential conflicts of interest. Our executive officers and directors who are executive officers and directors of our significant shareholders could have, or could appear to have, conflicts of interests such as where our significant shareholders are required to make decisions that could have implications for both them and us. See “Management”.

We may have received better terms from unaffiliated third parties than the terms we will receive in our agreements with TELUS.

We entered into a number of agreements with TELUS, including the TELUS MSA, the transition and shared services agreement and the master reseller agreement. These agreements were negotiated by us with TELUS and may not reflect terms that would have been agreed to in an arm’s-length negotiation between unaffiliated third parties. For more information on the agreements we have entered into, or will enter into, please refer to the section entitled “Item 7B—Related Party Transactions”.

SUBORDINATE VOTING SHARES RISKS

The dual-class structure contained in our articles has the effect of concentrating voting control with TELUS, which impacts our ability to influence corporate matters that are subject to a shareholder vote.

We have two classes of shares outstanding: multiple voting shares and subordinate voting shares. Our multiple voting shares have ten votes per share and our subordinate voting shares have one vote per share. TELUS and BPEA are the only shareholders who hold the multiple voting shares. As of the date hereof, TELUS has approximately 72.4% of the combined

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voting power of our outstanding shares and BPEA has approximately 24.4% of the combined voting power of our outstanding shares.

As a result of the dual-class share structure, TELUS controls a majority of the combined voting power of our shares and therefore is able to control all matters submitted to our shareholders for approval until such date that TELUS sells its multiple voting shares, chooses to voluntarily convert them into subordinate voting shares or it retains less than 10% of our outstanding shares on a combined basis, which would result in the automatic conversion of its remaining multiple voting shares into subordinate voting shares. This concentrated control limits or precludes your ability to influence corporate matters for the foreseeable future, including the election of directors, amendments of our organizational documents and any merger, consolidation, sale of all or substantially all of our assets or other major corporate transaction requiring shareholder approval. The voting control may also prevent or discourage unsolicited acquisition proposals that you may feel are in your best interest as one of our shareholders. Future transfers by holders of multiple voting shares, other than permitted transfers to such holders’ respective affiliates or to other permitted transferees, will result in those shares automatically converting to subordinate voting shares, which will have the effect, over time, of increasing the relative voting power of those holders of multiple voting shares who retain their multiple voting shares. For additional information, see “Item 10B—Memorandum and Articles of Association”.

In addition, because of the ten to one voting ratio between our multiple voting shares and subordinate voting shares, the holders of our multiple voting shares will continue to control a majority of the combined voting power of our outstanding shares even where the multiple voting shares represent a substantially reduced percentage of our total outstanding shares. The concentrated voting control of holders of our multiple voting shares will limit the ability of our subordinate voting shareholders to influence corporate matters for the foreseeable future, including the election of directors as well as with respect to decisions regarding amending of our share capital, creating and issuing additional classes of shares, making significant acquisitions, selling significant assets or parts of our business, merging with other companies and undertaking other significant transactions. As a result, holders of multiple voting shares will have the ability to influence or control many matters affecting us and actions may be taken that our subordinate voting shareholders may not view as beneficial. The market price of our subordinate voting shares could be adversely affected due to the significant influence and voting power of the holders of multiple voting shares. Additionally, the significant voting interest of holders of multiple voting shares may discourage transactions involving a change of control, including transactions in which an investor, as a holder of the subordinate voting shares, might otherwise receive a premium for the subordinate voting shares over the then-current market price, or discourage competing proposals if a going private transaction is proposed by one or more holders of multiple voting shares.

Even if TELUS were to control less than a majority of the voting power of our outstanding shares, it may be able to influence the outcome of such corporate actions due to the director appointment rights and special shareholder rights we granted to TELUS in our shareholders’ agreement. See “—TELUS will, for the foreseeable future, control the direction of our business, and the concentrated ownership of our outstanding shares and our entry into a shareholders’ agreement with TELUS will prevent you and other shareholders from influencing significant decisions”.

TELUS will, for the foreseeable future, have the ability to control the direction of our business, and the concentrated ownership of our outstanding shares and our shareholders’ agreement with TELUS will prevent you and other shareholders from influencing significant decisions.

We entered into a shareholders’ agreement with TELUS and BPEA providing for certain director nomination rights for TELUS and BPEA and providing for a number of special shareholder rights for TELUS. Under the terms of the shareholders’ agreement, we agreed to nominate individuals designated by TELUS as directors representing a majority of the board for as long as TELUS continues to beneficially own at least 50% of the combined voting power of our outstanding multiple voting shares and subordinate voting shares. Should TELUS cease to own at least 50% of the combined voting power of our outstanding multiple voting shares and subordinate voting shares, we have agreed to nominate to our board such number of individuals designated by TELUS in proportion to its combined voting power, for so long as TELUS continues to beneficially own at least 5% of combined voting power of our outstanding multiple voting shares and subordinate voting shares, subject to a minimum of at least one director. The shareholders’ agreement also provides for appointment and observer rights for BPEA. In addition, the shareholders’ agreement provides that: (1) for so long as TELUS continues to beneficially own at least 50% of the combined voting power of our multiple voting shares and subordinate voting shares, TELUS will be entitled, but not obligated, to select the chair of the board and the chairs of the human resources and governance and nominating committees; and (2) for so long as TELUS has the right to designate a nominee to our board of directors, it will also be entitled, but not obligated, to designate at least one nominee to the human resources and governance and nominating committees and one nominee for our appointment to our audit committee; provided that such audit committee nominee will be independent, subject to compliance with the independence requirements of applicable securities laws and listing requirements of the NYSE and the Toronto Stock Exchange (TSX). The shareholders’ agreement also provides for committee appointment rights for BPEA. For more information on these director nomination rights, see “Item 7B—Related Party Transactions—Our Relationship with TELUS and BPEA—Shareholders’ Agreement”.

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As of the date hereof, TELUS has approximately 72.4% of the combined voting power of our outstanding shares. Pursuant to the shareholders’ agreement, BPEA has agreed not to, directly or indirectly, sell, transfer or otherwise dispose of any multiple voting shares or subordinate voting shares without first discussing in good faith any such sale transaction with TELUS and providing TELUS with a right to purchase such shares. Should such right of first offer be provided and exercised, the combined voting power of our outstanding shares held by TELUS may increase further. As long as TELUS controls at least 50% of the combined voting power of our outstanding shares, it will generally be able to determine the outcome of all corporate actions requiring shareholder approval, including the election and removal of directors. Even if TELUS were to control less than 50% of the combined voting power of our outstanding shares, it will be able to influence the outcome of such corporate actions due to the director appointment rights and special shareholder rights we have granted to TELUS as part of the shareholders’ agreement.

In addition, pursuant to the shareholders’ agreement, until TELUS ceases to hold at least 50% of the combined voting power of our outstanding shares, TELUS will have special shareholder rights related to certain matters including, among others, approving the selection, and the ability to direct the removal, of our CEO, approving the increase or decrease of the size of our board, approving the issuance of multiple voting shares and subordinate voting shares, approving amendments to our articles and authorizing entering into a change of control transaction, disposing of all or substantially all of our assets, and commencing liquidation, dissolution or voluntary bankruptcy or insolvency proceedings. As a result, certain actions that our board would customarily decide will require consideration and approval by TELUS and our ability to take such actions may be delayed or prevented, including actions that our other shareholders, including you, may consider favorable. We will not be able to terminate or amend the shareholders’ agreement, except in accordance with its terms. See “Item 7B—Related Party Transactions—Our Relationship with TELUS and BPEA—Shareholders’ Agreement”. We also entered into a collaboration and financial reporting agreement with TELUS that, among other things, specifies that certain matters or actions we take require advance review and consultation with TELUS. The agreement also stipulates certain actions that require TELUS International board approval. See “Item 7B—Related Party Transactions—Collaboration and Financial Reporting Agreement”.

TELUS’ interests may not be the same as, or may conflict with, the interests of our other shareholders. Holders of our subordinate voting shares will not be able to affect the outcome of any shareholder vote while TELUS controls the majority of the combined voting power of our outstanding shares and TELUS will also be able to exert significant influence over our board through its director nomination rights.

As TELUS’ interests may differ from ours or from those of our other shareholders, actions that TELUS takes with respect to us, as our controlling shareholder and pursuant to its rights under the shareholders’ agreement, may not be favorable to us or our other shareholders. TELUS has indicated that it intends to remain our controlling shareholder for the foreseeable future.

Our dual-class structure may render our subordinate voting shares ineligible for inclusion in certain stock market indices, and thus adversely affect the trading price and liquidity of our subordinate voting shares.

We cannot predict whether our dual-class structure will result in a lower or more volatile market price of our subordinate voting shares, in negative publicity or other adverse consequences. Certain index providers have announced restrictions on including companies with multi-class share structures in certain of their indices. For example, S&P Dow Jones has changed its eligibility criteria for inclusion of shares of public companies on the S&P 500, S&P MidCap 400 and S&P SmallCap 600, which together make up the S&P Composite 1500, to exclude companies with multiple classes of shares. As a result, our dual-class structure may prevent the inclusion of our subordinate voting shares in such indices, and mutual funds, exchange-traded funds and other investment vehicles that attempt to passively track these indices will not be able to invest in our subordinate voting shares, each of which could adversely affect the trading price and liquidity of our subordinate voting shares. In addition, several shareholder advisory firms have announced their opposition to the use of multiple class structure and our dual-class structure may cause shareholder advisory firms to publish negative commentary about our corporate governance, in which case the market price and liquidity of the subordinate voting shares could be adversely affected.

We are a controlled company within the meaning of the listing requirements of the NYSE and, as a result, we rely on exemptions from certain corporate governance requirements; you will not have the same protections afforded to shareholders of companies that are subject to such requirements.

TELUS controls a majority of the combined voting power in our company, which means we qualify as a controlled company within the meaning of the corporate governance standards of the NYSE. We have elected to be treated as a controlled company. Under these rules, we have elected not to comply with certain corporate governance requirements, including the requirements that: our board of directors is composed of a majority of independent directors, as defined under the NYSE listing requirements; our human resources committee is composed entirely of independent directors; and our nominating and governance committee is composed entirely of independent directors.

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As a result, our board of directors is not composed of a majority of independent directors. Although our audit committee is composed entirely of independent directors, we do not expect that our human resources and governance and nominating committees will be composed entirely of independent directors for the foreseeable future.

If TELUS sells a controlling interest in us to a third party in a private transaction, we may become subject to the control of a presently unknown third party.

TELUS owns a controlling interest in our company. TELUS has the ability, should it choose to do so, to sell its controlling interest in us in a privately negotiated transaction, which, if sufficient in size, could result in a change of control of our company. Such a transaction could occur without triggering the rights under the Coattail Agreement (as defined in “Item 10B—Memorandum and Articles of Association—Certain Important Provisions of our Articles and the BCBCA—Take-Over Bid Protection”) and may occur even if the multiple voting shares are converted into subordinate voting shares.

If TELUS privately sells its controlling interest in our company, we may become subject to the control of a presently unknown third party. Such third party may have conflicts of interest with those of other shareholders. In addition, if TELUS sells a controlling interest in our Company to a third party, our future indebtedness may be subject to acceleration and our other commercial agreements and relationships could be impacted, all of which may adversely affect our ability to run our business as described herein and may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial performance, financial condition and cash flows.

Holders of our subordinate voting shares may be subject to dilution resulting from an investment by certain eligible management team members in subordinate voting shares of our Company in connection with the WillowTree acquisition.

Certain eligible management team members of WillowTree reinvested in our Company at the closing of the acquisition, in the form of securities to be settled over three years beginning in 2026, subject to certain performance-based criteria, in cash or in a combination of cash and up to 70% in subordinate voting shares at our option. Further, WillowTree employees were given the opportunity to purchase equity interests in our Company on substantially similar terms to those offered to the management team members on the closing of the acquisition. These purchases are expected to close in late February for an aggregate price of approximately $6,000,000. Should we elect to settle such reinvestment securities in subordinate voting shares, holders of our subordinate voting shares will be subject to dilution. The greater the proportion of the reinvestment that we elect to settle in subordinate voting shares and the better the performance, the greater the expected extent of the dilution will be.

As a foreign private issuer, we are not subject to certain U.S. securities law disclosure requirements that apply to a domestic U.S. issuer, which may limit the information publicly available to our shareholders.

As a foreign private issuer we are not required to comply with all of the periodic disclosure and current reporting requirements of the Exchange Act and therefore there may be less publicly available information about us than if we were a U.S. domestic issuer. For example, we are not subject to the proxy rules in the United States and disclosure with respect to our annual meetings is governed by Canadian requirements. In addition, our officers, directors and principal shareholders are exempt from the reporting and short-swing profit recovery provisions of Section 16 of the Exchange Act and the rules thereunder. Therefore, our shareholders may not know on a timely basis when our officers, directors and principal shareholders purchase or sell our securities.

We are exempt from Regulation FD, which prohibits issuers from making selective disclosures of material non-public information. While we comply with the corresponding requirements relating to proxy statements and disclosure of material non-public information under Canadian securities laws, these requirements differ from those under the Exchange Act and Regulation FD, and holders of our subordinate voting shares should not expect to receive the same information at the same time as such information is provided by U.S. domestic companies. Additionally, we have four months after the end of each fiscal year to file our annual report with the SEC and are not required under the Exchange Act to file or furnish quarterly reports with the SEC as promptly as U.S. domestic companies whose securities are registered under the Exchange Act.

Additionally, as a foreign private issuer, we are not required to file or furnish quarterly and current reports with respect to our business and financial performance. We intend to continue to submit, on a quarterly basis, interim financial data to the SEC under cover of the SEC’s Form 6-K. Furthermore, as a foreign private issuer, we intend to continue to take advantage of certain provisions in the NYSE listing requirements that allow us to follow Canadian law for certain governance matters. See “Item 16G—Corporate Governance”.

Our operating results and share price may be volatile, and the market price of our subordinate voting shares may drop below the price you pay.

Our quarterly operating results are likely to fluctuate in the future in response to numerous factors, many of which are beyond our control, including each of the risks set forth in this section. In addition, securities markets worldwide have experienced, and are likely to continue to experience, significant price and volume fluctuations. This market volatility, as well as general natural,

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economic, market or political conditions, could subject the market price of our subordinate voting shares to price fluctuations regardless of our operating performance. Our operating results and the trading price of our subordinate voting shares may fluctuate in response to various factors, including the risks described above.

These and other factors, many of which are beyond our control, may cause our operating results and the market price and demand for our subordinate voting shares to fluctuate substantially. Fluctuations in our quarterly operating results could limit or prevent investors from readily selling their subordinate voting shares and may otherwise negatively affect the market price and liquidity of subordinate voting shares. In addition, in the past, when the market price of a stock has been volatile, holders of that stock have sometimes instituted securities class action litigation against the company that issued the shares. If any of our shareholders brought a lawsuit against us, we could incur substantial costs defending the lawsuit. Such a lawsuit could also divert the time and attention of our management from our business, which could significantly harm our profitability and reputation. We may also decide to settle lawsuits on unfavorable terms. Furthermore, during the course of litigation, there could be negative public announcements of the results of hearings, motions or other interim proceedings or developments, which could have a negative effect on the market price of our subordinate voting shares.

The market price of our subordinate voting shares may be affected by low trading volume.

The relatively low trading volume of our subordinate voting shares may limit your ability to sell your shares. Although our subordinate voting shares are listed for trading on the NYSE and the TSX, the trading volume has not been significant. Additionally, a large percentage of our share capital currently consists of multiple voting shares, which are not listed for trading on an exchange. Reported average daily trading volume in our subordinate voting shares in 2022 has been approximately 114,356 subordinate voting shares on the NYSE and 142,159 subordinate voting shares on the TSX. Limited trading volume subjects our subordinate voting shares to greater price volatility in response to news in the market and may make it difficult for you to sell your subordinate voting shares at a price that is attractive to you. Low volume can also reduce liquidity, which could adversely affect the market price of our subordinate voting shares. In addition, in the past, when the market price of a security has been volatile, holders of that security have instituted securities class action litigation against the company that issued the security. If our shareholders brought a lawsuit against us, we could incur substantial costs defending the lawsuit. Such a lawsuit could also divert the time and attention of our management from our business, which could adversely affect our profitability and reputation.

Future sales, or the perception of future sales, by us or our shareholders in the public market could cause the market price for our subordinate voting shares to decline.

Sales of a substantial number of our subordinate voting shares in the public market could occur at any time. These sales, or the perception in the market that the holders of a large number of subordinate voting shares, including TELUS or BPEA as holders of our multiple voting shares that are convertible into subordinate voting shares, intend to sell, could reduce the market price of our subordinate voting shares.

We have no current plans to pay regular cash dividends on our shares and, as a result, you may not receive any return on investment unless you sell your shares for a price greater than that which you paid for it.

We do not anticipate paying any regular cash dividends on our shares for the foreseeable future. Any decision to declare and pay dividends in the future will be made at the discretion of our board of directors and will depend on, among other things, our financial performance, financial condition, cash requirements, contractual restrictions and other factors that our board of directors may deem relevant. In addition, our ability to pay dividends is, and may be, limited by covenants of existing and any future outstanding indebtedness we or our subsidiaries incur. Therefore, any return on investment in our shares is solely dependent upon the appreciation of the price of our shares on the open market, which may not occur. See “Item 8A—Consolidated Statements and Other Financial Information—Dividend Policy” for more detail.

Our articles, and certain Canadian legislation contain provisions that may have the effect of delaying or preventing a change in control, limit attempts by our shareholders to replace or remove our current directors and affect the market price of our subordinate voting shares.

Certain provisions of our articles, together or separately, could discourage potential acquisition proposals, delay or prevent a change in control and limit the price that certain investors may be willing to pay for our subordinate voting shares. For instance, our articles contain provisions that establish certain advance notice procedures for nomination of candidates for election as directors at shareholders’ meetings. A non-Canadian must file an application for review with the minister responsible for the Investment Canada Act and obtain approval of the Minister prior to acquiring control of a “Canadian business” within the meaning of the Investment Canada Act, where prescribed financial thresholds are exceeded. Furthermore, limitations on the ability to acquire and hold our subordinate voting shares and multiple voting shares may be imposed by the Competition Act (Canada). This legislation permits the Commissioner of Competition to review any acquisition or establishment, directly or indirectly, including through the acquisition of shares, of control over or of a significant interest in us. Otherwise, there are no limitations either under the laws of Canada or British Columbia, or in our articles on the rights of non-Canadians to hold or vote

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our subordinate voting shares and multiple voting shares. Any of these provisions may discourage a potential acquirer from proposing or completing a transaction that may have otherwise presented a premium to our shareholders. See “Item 10B—Memorandum and Articles of Association—Certain Important Provisions of Our Articles and the BCBCA”.

Because we are a corporation incorporated in British Columbia and some of our directors and officers are residents of Canada, it may be difficult for investors in the United States to enforce civil liabilities against us based solely upon the federal securities laws of the United States. Similarly, it may be difficult for Canadian investors to enforce civil liabilities against our directors and officers residing outside of Canada.

We are a corporation incorporated under the laws of the Province of British Columbia with our principal place of business in Vancouver, Canada. Some of our directors and officers and the auditors named herein are residents of Canada and all or a substantial portion of our assets and those of such persons are located outside the United States. Consequently, it may be difficult for U.S. investors to effect service of process within the United States upon us or our directors or officers or such auditors who are not residents of the United States, or to realize in the United States upon judgments of courts of the United States predicated upon civil liabilities under the U.S. Securities Act of 1933, as amended (Securities Act). Investors should not assume that Canadian courts: (1) would enforce judgments of U.S. courts obtained in actions against us or such persons predicated upon the civil liability provisions of the U.S. federal securities laws or the securities or blue sky laws of any state within the United States or (2) would enforce, in original actions, liabilities against us or such persons predicated upon the U.S. federal securities laws or any such state securities or blue sky laws.

Similarly, some of our directors and officers are residents of countries other than Canada and the assets of such persons may be located outside of Canada. As a result, it may be difficult for Canadian investors to initiate a lawsuit within Canada against these non-Canadian residents, and it may be difficult to realize upon or enforce in Canada any judgment of a court of Canada against these non-Canadian residents since a substantial portion of the assets of such persons may be located outside of Canada. In addition, it may not be possible for Canadian investors to collect from these non-Canadian residents on judgments obtained in courts in Canada predicated on the civil liability provisions of securities legislation of certain of the provinces and territories of Canada. It may also be difficult for Canadian investors to succeed in a lawsuit in the United States, based solely on violations of Canadian securities laws.

There could be adverse tax consequences for our shareholders in the United States if we are a passive foreign investment company.

Based on the Company’s income, assets and business activities, the Company does not believe that it was a “passive foreign investment company” (PFIC) for its 2022 taxable year and the Company expects that it will not be classified as a PFIC for U.S. federal income tax purposes for its current taxable year or in the near future. The determination of PFIC status is made annually at the end of each taxable year and is dependent upon a number of factors, some of which are beyond the Company’s control, including the relative values of the Company’s assets and its subsidiaries, and the amount and type of their income. As a result, there can be no assurance that the Company will not be a PFIC in 2023 or any subsequent year or that the IRS will agree with the Company’s conclusion regarding its PFIC status and would not successfully challenge our position. If we are a PFIC for any taxable year during which a U.S. person holds our subordinate voting shares, such U.S. person may suffer certain adverse federal income tax consequences, including the treatment of gains realized on the sale of subordinate voting shares as ordinary income, rather than as capital gain, the loss of the preferential rate applicable to dividends received on subordinate voting shares by individuals who are U.S. persons, the addition of interest charges to the tax on such gains and certain distributions and increased U.S. federal income tax reporting requirements. If, contrary to current expectations, we were a PFIC for U.S. federal income tax purposes, certain elections (such as a mark-to-market election or qualified electing fund election) may be available to U.S. shareholders that may mitigate some of these adverse U.S. federal income tax consequences. United States purchasers of our subordinate voting shares are urged to consult their tax advisors concerning United States federal income tax consequences of holding our subordinate voting shares if we are considered to be a PFIC. See the discussion under “Item 10E—U.S. Federal Income Tax Considerations for U.S. Persons—PFIC Rules”.

Our articles provide that any derivative actions, actions relating to breach of fiduciary duties and other matters relating to our internal affairs will be required to be litigated in Canada or the United States, as the case may be, which could limit your ability to obtain a favorable judicial forum for disputes with us

Our articles include a forum selection provision that provides that, unless we consent in writing to the selection of an alternative forum, the Supreme Court of British Columbia, Canada and the appellate courts therefrom, will be the sole and exclusive forum for (i) any derivative action or proceeding brought on our behalf; (ii) any action or proceeding asserting a claim of breach of a fiduciary duty owed by any of our directors, officers, or other employees to us; (iii) any action or proceeding asserting a claim arising pursuant to any provision of the Business Corporations Act (British Columbia) (BCBCA) or our articles; or (iv) any action or proceeding asserting a claim otherwise related to the relationships among us, our affiliates and their respective shareholders, directors and/or officers, but excluding claims related to our business or such affiliates. The forum selection provision also provides that our security holders are deemed to have consented to personal jurisdiction in the Province of British Columbia and to service of process on their counsel in any foreign action initiated in violation of the foregoing

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provisions. This provision does not apply to any causes of action arising under the Securities Act, or the Exchange Act. The Securities Act provides that both federal and state courts have concurrent jurisdiction over suits brought to enforce any duty or liability under the Securities Act or the rules and regulations thereunder, and the Exchange Act provides that federal courts have exclusive jurisdiction over suits brought to enforce any duty or liability under the Exchange Act or the rules and regulations thereunder. Unless we consent in writing to the selection of an alternative forum, the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York (or, if the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York lacks subject matter jurisdiction over a particular dispute, the state courts in New York County, New York) shall be the sole and exclusive forum for resolving any complaint filed in the United States asserting a cause of action arising under the Securities Act and the Exchange Act. Investors cannot waive, and accepting or consenting to this forum selection provision does not represent a waiver of compliance with U.S. federal securities laws and the rules and regulations thereunder. See “Item 10B—Memorandum and Articles of Association—Certain Important Provisions of our Articles and the BCBCA—Forum Selection”.

The enforceability of similar forum selection provisions in other companies’ organizational documents, however, has been challenged in legal proceedings in the United States, and it is possible that a court could find this type of provision to be inapplicable, unenforceable, or inconsistent with other documents that are relevant to the filing of such lawsuits. If a court were to find the forum selection provision in our articles to be inapplicable or unenforceable in an action, we may incur additional costs associated with resolving such action in other jurisdictions. If upheld, the forum selection provision may impose additional litigation costs on shareholders in pursuing any such claims. Additionally, the forum selection provision, if upheld, may limit our shareholders’ ability to bring a claim in a judicial forum that they find favorable for disputes with us or our directors, officers or employees, which may discourage the filing of lawsuits against us and our directors, officers and employees, even though an action, if successful, might benefit our shareholders. The courts of the Province of British Columbia and the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York may also reach different judgments or results than would other courts, including courts where a shareholder considering an action may be located or would otherwise choose to bring the action, and such judgments may be more or less favorable to us than to our shareholders.

TELUS International (Cda) Inc. depends on its subsidiaries for cash to fund its operations and expenses, including future dividend payments, if any.

Our ability to fund and conduct our business, service our debt and pay dividends, if any, in the future will principally depend on the ability of our subsidiaries to generate sufficient cash flow to make upstream cash distributions to us. Our subsidiaries are separate legal entities, and although they are wholly-owned and controlled by us, they have no obligation to make any funds available to us, whether in the form of loans, dividends or otherwise. Claims of any creditors of our subsidiaries generally will have priority as to the assets of such subsidiaries over our claims and claims of our creditors and shareholders. To the extent the ability of our subsidiaries to distribute dividends or other payments to us is limited in any way, our ability to fund and conduct our business, service our debt and pay dividends, if any, could be harmed.

If securities or industry analysts cease publishing research or reports about us, our business or our market, or if they change their recommendations regarding our subordinate voting shares, the price and trading volume of our subordinate voting shares could decline.

The trading market for our subordinate voting shares is influenced by the research and reports that industry or securities analysts publish about us, our business, our market and our competitors. If any of the analysts who cover us or may cover us in the future change their recommendation regarding our subordinate voting shares adversely, or provide more favorable relative recommendations about our competitors, the price of our subordinate voting shares could decline. If any analyst who covers us or may cover us in the future were to cease coverage of our company, we could lose visibility in the financial markets, which in turn could cause the price or trading volume of our subordinate voting shares to decline.

Our organizational documents permit us to issue an unlimited number of subordinate voting shares, multiple voting shares and preferred shares without seeking approval of the holders of subordinate voting shares.

Our articles permit us to issue an unlimited number of subordinate voting shares, multiple voting shares and preferred shares. We anticipate that we may, from time to time, issue additional subordinate voting shares in the future in connection with acquisitions or to raise capital for general corporate or other purposes.

Subject to the requirements of the NYSE and the TSX and applicable securities laws, we are not required to obtain the approval of the holders of subordinate voting shares for the issuance of additional subordinate voting shares, should we do so. Although the rules of the TSX generally prohibit us from issuing additional multiple voting shares, there may be, with the approval of TELUS, certain circumstances where additional multiple voting shares may be issued, including with applicable regulatory, stock exchange and shareholder approval. Any further issuances of subordinate voting shares or multiple voting shares will result in immediate dilution to existing shareholders and may have an adverse effect on the value of their shareholdings. Additionally, any further issuances of multiple voting shares will significantly lessen the combined voting power of our subordinate voting shares due to the ten-to-one (10-to-1) voting ratio between our multiple voting shares and subordinate voting shares. TELUS and BPEA, as holders of our multiple voting shares, may also elect at any time or, in certain

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circumstances, be required to convert their multiple voting shares into subordinate voting shares, which would increase the number of subordinate voting shares. See “Item 7B—Related Party Transactions”.

Our articles also permit us to issue an unlimited number of preferred shares, issuable in series and, subject to the requirements of the BCBCA, having such designations, rights, privileges, restrictions and conditions, including dividend and voting rights, as our board of directors may determine and which may be superior to those of the subordinate voting shares. The issuance of preferred shares could, among other things, have the effect of delaying, deferring or preventing a change in control of the Company and might adversely affect the market price of our subordinate shares. We have no current or immediate plans to issue any preferred shares. Subject to the provisions of the BCBCA and the applicable requirements of the NYSE and the TSX, we are not required to obtain the approval of the holders of subordinate voting shares for the issuance of preferred shares or to determine the maximum number of shares of each series, create an identifying name for each series and attach such special rights or restrictions as our board of directors may determine. See “Item 10B—Memorandum and Articles of Association”.

ITEM 4 INFORMATION ON THE COMPANY

A.History and Development of the Company

TELUS International (Cda) Inc. was incorporated under the BCBCA on January 2, 2016. We directly or indirectly own 100% of all of our operating subsidiaries. Our delivery locations, from where team members serve our clients, are operated from subsidiaries located in the relevant jurisdiction. Our subordinate voting shares began trading on the NYSE and the TSX on February 3, 2021, under the symbol “TIXT”.

Our headquarters and principal executive offices are located at Floor 7, 510 West Georgia Street, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6B 0M3 and our telephone number is (604) 695 3455. Our website address is www.telusinternational.com. The information on or accessible through our website is not part of and is not incorporated by reference into this Annual Report, and the inclusion of our website address in this Annual Report is an inactive textual reference only.

We are subject to the informational requirements of the Exchange Act and are required to file or furnish, as applicable, reports and other information with the SEC. The SEC maintains a website at www.sec.gov that contains reports, proxy and information statements and other information regarding registrants that make electronic filings with the SEC using its EDGAR system.

B.Business Overview

Our Operations and Principal Activities

We design, build and deliver next-generation digital solutions to enhance the customer experience (CX) for global and disruptive brands. The Company’s services support the full lifecycle of its clients’ digital transformation journeys, enabling them to more quickly embrace next-generation digital technologies to deliver better business outcomes.

TELUS International’s integrated solutions span digital strategy, innovation, consulting and design, IT lifecycle including managed solutions, intelligent automation and end-to-end AI data solutions including computer vision capabilities, as well as omnichannel CX and trust and safety solutions including content moderation.

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Fueling all stages of company growth, we partner with brands across high growth industry verticals, including tech and games, communications and media, eCommerce and fintech, banking, financial services and insurance, healthcare, and travel and hospitality.

We do not use raw materials; we rely on the strength of our global team’s experience and knowledge to serve our customers’ needs.

Our Global Team and the Markets Where We Compete

As of December 31, 2022, we have more than 73,000 team members in 28 countries around the world. Our delivery locations are strategically selected based on a number of factors, including access to diverse, skilled talent, proximity to clients and our ability to deliver our services over multiple time zones and in multiple languages.

The global reach of our delivery locations enables us to deliver our full suite of solutions across geographies and customize the delivery strategy for our clients according to their evolving needs. We have established a presence in key global markets, which supply us with qualified technology talent and have been recognized as an employer of choice in many of these markets. We believe that our global and diverse team members have the nuanced cultural knowledge and empathy to deliver all of our services.

To deliver services for TELUS International AI Data Solutions, we use a crowdsourcing model, which allows us to access talent that is global, flexible and scales to meet the geographic, demographic or cultural data needs of our clients. Annotators are provided with purpose-built educational materials and tools and, through our proprietary platform, we have the ability to track each annotators’ efficiency, virtually oversee quality management protocols, and process payments to our one million annotators across more than 88 countries. This artificial intelligence (AI) community is organized through a framework that provides for annotator sourcing, education and management that is supported by team members around the world.

In Asia-Pacific, we have 14 delivery locations. Our talent acquisition in Asia-Pacific benefits from a local emphasis on education, creating a highly qualified workforce with extensive language capabilities. In India and the Philippines, for example, we are able to attract skilled team members with expertise in next-generation technology with substantial language capabilities.

Through our caring culture, we are able to engage and develop these team members which leads to higher tenure and proficiency.

In Central America, we have eight delivery locations in close proximity to our large North American client base. Our team members in Central America are drawn from a large population of fluent English and Spanish speakers. In our delivery locations in Central America, we benefit from developed telecom and energy infrastructure. In Guatemala, we benefit from an engaged workforce and regionally competitive labor costs. In El Salvador, we gain access to a young and educated population.

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In Europe, we have 31 delivery locations, with a number of these locations being in close proximity to client locations. Our multilingual team members are selected from a skilled talent pool in a centrally located geographic location. For example, in Bulgaria, we are able to employ an educated and skilled team; in Romania, there is a large talent pool with technology skills; and in Ireland, talent converges from many global origination points, creating a diversified talent pool. We also have extensive coverage in Germany, where we can focus on meeting the high demand for German-language support but also benefit from the availability of many skilled workers, who are drawn to Germany as one of the largest global and European Union economies. In Turkey, as a transcontinental country that sits between Europe and Asia, we benefit from multilingual resources who speak Turkish, Kurdish and Arabic.

In North America, we have three delivery locations and recruit from a skilled talent pool with geographic proximity to many of our largest clients. Additionally, North America is where the majority of our sales, marketing, operational support and services team members work from a virtual office environment, which facilitates collaboration, and in some cases collocation, with our clients. A flexible work environment enables us to attract and retain talent, improve agility, operational efficiency and productivity of our organization, as well as enable robust business continuity planning.

For details regarding our revenue by industry verticals and geographic regions, please see “Item 5A—Operating Results—Revenue”.

Our Customers

Our more than 650 clients include companies that believe customer experience is critical to their success. We seek to work with disruptive companies and leaders in their respective sectors. We have built long-tenured relationships with these companies within our core targeted industry verticals, including tech and games, communications and media, eCommerce and fintech, banking, financial services and insurance, healthcare and travel and hospitality. Within some of these industry verticals, we serve clients across several sub-sectors. For example, within tech and games, we serve some of the leading social networks and search engines, as well as high-growth online games, ride sharing and real estate technology companies. Additionally, we partner with leading providers of digital assistants, search engines and advertising networks in the delivery of our TELUS International AI solutions. Within eCommerce and fintech we serve both traditional and next-generation payments and point of sale providers, business-to-business and business-to-consumer software-as-a-service companies, online marketplaces and large financial services institutions.

Our customers, which we believe to be among the most respected names in their industries, trust us to support their brands and reputations. We are able to execute on emerging customer experience challenges which enables high client referenceability that can strengthen our credibility with clients in existing and new verticals and help drive growth.

Our relationship with TELUS, our largest client and controlling shareholder, has been instrumental to our success to date. TELUS provides us with access to revenue visibility, stability and growth, as well as strategic partnership with respect to co-innovation within the communications vertical, customer service excellence focus and an internationally recognized social purpose impact.

About WillowTree and the acquisition

On January 3, 2023, we completed the acquisition of WillowTree. Now rebranded as WillowTree, a TELUS International Company. The Company is headquartered in Charlottesville, Virginia and operates 13 global studios across the United States, Canada, Brazil, Portugal, Spain, Poland and Romania.

Services. WillowTree is a premier, full-service digital product provider focused on end user experiences, such as native mobile applications and unified web interfaces. The company has shipped over 700 native mobile applications, websites and other digital products for its clients since its founding in 2008. As a full-service digital product provider, WillowTree adds key front-end design and build competencies to TELUS International’s suite of end-to-end capabilities across the full customer experience value chain.

Clients. WillowTree will help us further bolster our client diversification efforts by adding new marquee customers, and help amplify our cross-selling competencies and opportunities on a global basis. WillowTree’s clients include Fortune 500 companies across key verticals including telecommunications and media, healthcare and life sciences, financial services, consumer goods, travel and hospitality, and technology and software.

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Team Members. The acquisition of WillowTree brings key tech talent and diversity to TELUS International adding more than 1,000 digital strategists, designers, engineers and project managers, with experience working in small, dedicated, autonomous teams. These team members’ experience with leading digital design and development will further augment our digital consulting services and the development of our innovative client-centric software solutions. WillowTree team members join TELUS International from a similarly collaborative, human-centered, award-winning culture, facilitating smooth integration into the TELUS International family.

The Acquisition. The acquisition was completed pursuant to the stock purchase agreement and agreement and plan of merger, dated as of October 26, 2022, as amended on December 30, 2022, by and among TELUS International Holding (U.S.A.) Corp. (“TELUS USA”), Insignia WT Holdings, LLC (the “Blocker Seller”), WLTR Holdings, LLC and Sequoia Merger Subsidiary LLC (the “Acquisition Agreement”), for total purchase consideration of approximately $1.1 billion, net of assumed debt, and comprised of cash, $125 million of our subordinate voting shares, and provisions for written put options for the portion retained by certain eligible management team members and employees that will be settled over a three-year period starting in 2026, subject to certain performance-based criteria, in cash or a combination of cash and our subordinate voting shares, pursuant to the terms of the limited liability company agreement of WillowTree, which is described in more detail in “Item 10C—Material Contracts—Second Amended & Restated Limited Liability Company Agreement of WillowTree”. The balance was paid in cash at closing using borrowings from our credit facility and cash on hand.

Company History and Evolution

Since our founding in 2005, we have evolved and grown our business from an in-house customer care provider for TELUS to a CX innovator that designs, builds and delivers next-generation solutions, including AI and content moderation, for global and disruptive brands. Today, we believe we have a category-defining value proposition with a unique approach to combining both digital transformation and CX capabilities.

In February 2021, TELUS International completed the largest, at that time, technology IPO in the history of the TSX. With an initial market capitalization of $8.5 billion, TELUS International’s IPO surpassed TELUS’ valuation from 2000, and became the fifth largest IPO in TSX history by total proceeds raised.

In 2016, Baring Private Equity Asia, a leading global private equity investor, acquired a significant minority stake in TELUS International, which enabled us to amplify investment in our IT portfolio and further expand into Asia. In 2022, BPEA EQT was formed as a result of the combination of Baring Private Equity Asia and EQT Asia.

From 2005, when TELUS acquired a controlling interest in Ambergris Solutions, a boutique CX provider in the Philippines catering to traditional U.S.-based enterprise clients, to present, we have made a number of additional significant organic investments, as well as acquisitions, with the goal of better serving our growing portfolio of global clients. We expanded our delivery platform to access highly qualified talent in multiple geographies, including in Asia, Central America, Europe and North America, and developed a broader set of complex, digital-centric capabilities. It was clear to us that digital enablement would become increasingly vital for our clients, and as a result we focused our expansion strategy on developing this expertise organically and, in some cases, accelerating our growth through strategic acquisitions. Continuing on this journey, in October 2022, we announced a definitive agreement to acquire WillowTree, a premier, full-service digital product provider focused on end user experiences, such as native mobile applications and unified web interfaces. The acquisition closed in January 2023, having met all customary closing conditions and regulatory approvals. The acquisition of WillowTree brings key tech talent and diversity to our portfolio of next-generation solutions and further augments our digital consulting and innovative client-centric software development capabilities.

Unique Caring Culture

TELUS International’s unique caring culture promotes diversity and inclusivity through its policies, team member resource groups and workshops, and equal employment opportunity hiring practices across the regions where it operates.

Since 2007, the Company has positively impacted the lives of more than 1.2 million citizens around the world, building stronger communities and helping those in need through large-scale volunteer events and charitable giving.

In 2022, our corporate social responsibility initiatives were focused on:

•Children’s education (Bulgaria, El Salvador, Guatemala and the Philippines)

•Fundraising races for local charities (China, India, Ireland, the Philippines and Romania)

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•Health initiatives like blood donation drives and bone marrow donations (Bulgaria, the Philippines, and Spain) and building health centers (El Salvador)

•Helping those impacted by the war in Ukraine (Bulgaria, Canada, Finland, France, Germany, Ireland, Poland and Romania)

•Improving the environment by planting 34,000 trees (El Salvador, Guatemala, India, Ireland, the Philippines and Romania), installing 250 ecological stoves and an equal number of water filtration systems (El Salvador and Guatemala), as well as supporting 1.4 million bees (Austria, Bulgaria, Germany, Guatemala and Ireland).

In 2022, five TELUS International Community Boards contributed $500,000 to charitable projects in Bulgaria, El Salvador, Guatemala, the Philippines and Romania. The TELUS International Community Boards have provided $5.1 million in funding to grassroots charitable organizations since 2011.

In 2022, we introduced our newly evolved TELUS International values:

•we passionately put our customers and our communities first;

•we embrace change and innovate courageously; and

•we grow together through spirited teamwork.

Environmental, Social and Governance (ESG) Oversight

The TELUS International Board of Directors oversees the ESG strategy and direction for our Company, facilitated through at least biannual ESG updates from our executive leadership team, primarily from the Chief Corporate Officer and the Chief Legal Officer & Corporate Secretary. The Board oversees the ESG priorities, commitments and policies that we set, including oversight of climate-related risks and opportunities and broader climate change strategy.

TELUS International’s ESG priorities are:

•hiring, motivating and promoting our diverse, talented team who exceed customer expectations, including through impact sourcing programs;

•giving back to the communities where we live, work and serve by creating meaningful, lasting impact through the efforts of our team members;

•supporting a sustainable planet for all by embracing the principles of refuse, reduce, reuse, repurpose and recycle; and

•adhering to principles of strong corporate governance.

The 2022 TELUS International Sustainability Report will be released in early 2023.

Our Growth Strategy

Our Company uses a number of direct marketing techniques such as a lead-generating website and social media promotion, thought leadership pieces, and search engine optimization, focused on niche and targeted markets. Our sales strategies are tailored to our core targeted industry verticals, including tech and games, communications and media, eCommerce and fintech, banking, financial services and insurance, healthcare and travel and hospitality.

We are dedicated to building on our current capabilities in digital transformation and customer experience management by deploying the following growth strategies:

Expand Our Current and Potential Services with Existing Clients. We seek to deepen existing client relationships by providing our clients with more of our existing services, as well as developing new adjacent services to address their evolving digital enablement and customer experience needs. We believe we have a significant opportunity to grow within our existing

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client base by deploying more of our existing solutions, such as cloud migration and content moderation. We have successfully expanded the number of services we offer our top ten clients and plan to similarly expand with the balance of our portfolio. For example, all of our top ten clients use multiple TELUS International services.

Furthermore, we believe that we have visibility into areas of fast-growing and high-value adjacent service offerings that are relevant to our clients by virtue of several factors, including our domain expertise, our strength in both customer experience, IT, AI data-annotation services and our ability to understand and anticipate our clients’ challenges. We seek to continue to leverage these strengths to identify new opportunities and capitalize on emerging trends to deliver greater value and to further grow within our client base. Additionally, our ability to hire, onboard and manage a large community of qualified annotators, and further develop our proprietary crowdsourcing platform and tools, positions us to expand our existing relationships with technology and large enterprise clients.

Establish Relationships with New Clients. We believe there are significant untapped opportunities to win new clients across all of our targeted industry verticals. We target potential clients that value customer experience as a brand differentiator. Within these opportunities, we focus on potential clients that are experiencing significant growth and require a partner capable of evolving with them. We have historically won new clients based upon the strength of our position in the marketplace and, based on the quality of the services we have provided, references from existing clients.

The capabilities and solutions we have developed can be adapted and, we believe, easily used to meet the needs of clients in additional industry verticals and sub-sectors that are increasingly pressured to transform. We will continue to leverage current processes, services and solutions to design and build new offerings to address new clients’ needs for better customer experience management.

Leverage Technology and Process to Drive Continuous Improvement. We strive to continuously iterate and improve upon our operations to optimize the overall efficiency of our organization, enhance operating leverage and margins and better serve our clients. Our organization has over 5,500 “Six Sigma” trained and over 4,200 certified team members that help us better leverage our technologies, processes, policies and practices to improve operational excellence and drive productivity at scale. These capabilities create the opportunity to reinvest in key initiatives and implement best-in-class technologies across functional areas, which we believe will further expand our competitive and operational advantages.

Our approach to innovation includes applying methodologies and technologies internally to evaluate viability and scalability before deploying our solutions to clients. We aim to continue growing both organically and inorganically, and we believe that the returns generated by our focus on technology-enabled efficiency across the organization will increase.

Enhance Core Capabilities with Strategic Acquisitions. We intend to continue to enhance our core capabilities and solutions through acquisitions that support our strategy to design, build and deliver exceptional customer experiences for our clients. We explore acquisition opportunities that expand the breadth of our service offerings, enhance the depth of our IT capabilities and accelerate our presence in attractive client industry verticals. We seek to acquire companies that have the potential to enhance our capabilities and which we believe will contribute positively to our financial profile and that are culturally aligned with our values. For example, WillowTree, our most recent acquisition that closed in January 2023, adds strong mobile development capabilities to our unique skills offering. The deal expands TELUS International’s geographic reach (bringing our operations to a total of 30 countries) and adds new clients.

Our Market Opportunity

Our solutions and services are relevant across multiple markets including IT services for Digital Transformation (DX) and Digital Customer Experience Management (DCXM):

DX - Companies are increasingly partnering with third-party providers to meet their digital transformation challenges, which include designing solutions that facilitate an omnichannel experience, building scalable infrastructure and delivering new digital channels. To keep systems scalable, an increasing number of companies are opting for cloud-based solutions and seeking to automate processes where possible.

DCXM - DCXM represents the next evolution of customer experience management. We believe that digital customer experience has become increasingly important to companies, as highly engaged users dictate the nature and frequency of interactions. Customers ascribe value to seamless interactions and are willing to reward positive experiences with loyalty and repeat business. As customers have shifted toward digital channels, leveraging next-generation technologies to deliver a unified and satisfying customer experience has become paramount.

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We believe we are well-positioned to serve these markets and, as a result, we have a significant market opportunity due to the overall industry growth rate, low penetration to date and strong exposure to the comparatively higher-growth DCXM sector of the market.

New Economy Services - To complement our DCXM capabilities, we provide several adjacent new economy services such as content moderation and data annotation, which are two markets that have experienced high growth in recent years. Content moderation includes review and compliance services of user-generated content on social media and other platforms. The necessity of moderating content on digital platforms has prompted enterprises to seek specialized services to accommodate changes in the uncertain, highly regulated environment. To support our clients’ development of AI-powered solutions, we offer fully-managed data annotation services that include AI strategy consulting, and the collection, annotation and validation of training data to support a broad range of use cases, ranging from computer vision and data categorization to search relevance for advanced AI applications such as facial recognition, autonomous vehicles, medical imaging and more. We anticipate continued growth in these services in the future. AI data solutions is another market we serve that we have seen experience high demand. Along with seeing the volume of content continuing to increase, equally important is the need for constant dynamic changes and need for improvement.

Dependencies

Our Company is not heavily dependent on patents or licenses, industrial, commercial or new manufacturing processes.

However, we have derived and believe that, in the near term, we will continue to derive a significant portion of our revenue from a limited number of large clients. Three clients (TELUS, a leading social media company, and Google) account for a significant portion of our revenue and loss of or reduction in business from, or consolidation of, these or any other major clients could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, financial performance and prospects.

Our largest client, based on our revenues earned from them, is TELUS, our controlling shareholder. We provide services to TELUS under the master services agreement (TELUS MSA), which expires in January 2031. The TELUS MSA provides for a minimum annual spend of $200 million, subject to adjustment in accordance with its terms, although TELUS has the ability to delay or terminate specific services for certain specified reasons with limited notice. See “Item 7B—Related Party Transactions—Our Relationship with TELUS—Master Services Agreement”. In addition, the master services agreements (MSAs) with all other clients do not have minimum annual spend and the terms of these master service agreements permit our clients to delay, postpone or even terminate contracted services at their discretion and with limited notice to us.

The volume of work performed for specific clients or the revenue we generate can vary from year to year. This variation may arise as a result of the current macroeconomic environment, where clients are delaying or even foregoing our services or consolidating their services providers, requesting price reductions or moving work in-house, or the continued consolidation activity in the marketplace, which may result in our clients moving to other service providers or providing the services we offer in house. As a result of the foregoing, a major client in one year may not provide the same level of revenue in any subsequent year, which could result in reduced revenue for us.

Competition

The market sectors in which we compete are global, fragmented, and rapidly evolving. We face competition primarily from:

•in-house technology and customer experience management teams;

•digital transformation services providers such as Endava PLC, EPAM Systems, Inc. and Globant S.A.;

•globally diversified IT and business processing outsourcing service providers such as Accenture plc, Cognizant Technology Solutions Ltd., Genpact LLC and WNS Limited;

•customer experience providers such as TaskUs, Inc., Teleperformance S.A. and TTEC Holdings, Inc.;

•single-threaded data annotation providers such as Appen Limited.

We believe that the main competitive factors in our business include digital capabilities, comprehensiveness of offerings, vertical and process expertise, global delivery capabilities, team member engagement and retention, reputation, track record and financial stability. We believe that we are well-positioned to compete effectively with respect to each of these factors.

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Regulatory Context

We are subject to a number of national, state, provincial and local laws and regulations in Canada, the United States and in each of the countries where we provide our services and where we operate our delivery locations. These laws and regulations cover a wide range of areas including anti-corruption, internal and disclosure control obligations, data privacy and protection, wage and-hour standards, employment and labor relations, trade protections and restrictions, import and export control, tariffs, taxation, sanctions, data and transaction processing security, payment card industry data security standards, collections, records management, user-generated content hosted on websites we operate, privacy practices, data residency, corporate governance, anti-trust and competition, team member and third-party complaints, telemarketing regulations, telephone consumer regulations, government affairs and other regulatory requirements affecting trade and investment. Further, we are seeing an increasing number of countries adopting content moderation and artificial intelligence-related regulations, including in particular in the European Union and in Ontario, Canada. Some of the laws and regulations to which we are subject, and the interpretations of those laws and regulations, are still evolving and being tested in courts and could be applied or interpreted in unanticipated ways that could harm our business. See “Item 3D—Risk Factors— Business & Operational Risks —We and our clients are subject to laws and regulations globally, which increases the difficulty of compliance and may involve significant costs and risks. Any failure to comply with applicable legal and regulatory requirements could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial performance, financial condition and cash flows”.

The terms of our service contracts typically require that we comply with applicable laws and regulations in the jurisdictions in which we provide the services or in the jurisdictions where our clients are located. In certain cases, we are contractually required to comply with laws and regulations that apply to our clients, but not to us, and sometimes our clients require us to take specific steps intended to make it easier for them to comply with their applicable laws. In certain of our service contracts, our clients undertake to inform us about laws and regulations that may apply to us in jurisdictions in which they are located.

Labor and Employment. We are subject to laws and regulations governing our relationships with our team members in all countries where our team members reside. These laws and regulations include wage and hour requirements, work and safety conditions, benefits, citizenship requirements, work permits and travel restrictions, human and civil rights legislation and privacy laws.

Data Protection. We are typically required to process, and sometimes collect and/or store sensitive data of our clients and their customers, including, but not limited to, personal data regulated by the GDPR in the European Union, The Personal Information Protection and Electronic Documents Act and equivalent provincial statutes in Canada, the California Consumer Privacy Act and the California Invasion of Privacy Act in California, the Personal Data Protection Bill of 2018 in India, the Data Privacy Act of 2012 in the Philippines, and similar laws and regulations in each of the countries in which we operate and where we provide services. This data may include personally identifiable information such as names, addresses, social security numbers, personal health information, credit card account numbers, checking and savings account numbers and payment history records, such as account closures and returned checks. In addition, we collect and store data regarding our team members. The laws and regulations we are subject to impose various data protection requirements and other industry-specific regulations. The GDPR, for example, imposes privacy and data security compliance obligations and penalties for noncompliance. In particular, the GDPR has introduced numerous privacy-related changes for companies operating within and outside the European Union, including greater control for, and rights granted to, data subjects, increased data portability for European Union consumers, data breach notification requirements, restrictions on automated decision-making and increased fines. Additionally, foreign governments outside of the European Union are also taking steps to fortify their data privacy laws and regulations. For example, Brazil, India, the Philippines, certain countries in Central America and Asia and certain U.S. states where we operate and in some of the other countries where our client’s customers reside have implemented or are considering GDPR-like data protection laws which could impact our engagements with clients (existing and potential), vendors and team members in those countries. We actively monitor data and privacy regulations in the countries in which we operate and in the countries where our clients’ customers reside to ensure we develop policies and processes responsive to new regulations. See “Item 3D— Risks Factors—Business & Operational Risks—The unauthorized disclosure of sensitive or confidential client and customer data could expose us to protracted and costly litigation, damage our reputation and cause us to lose clients”.

Consumer Protection. As many of the services we provide involve our team engaging directly with the customers of our clients in a wide variety of interactions, we are subject to consumer protection laws and regulations related to these interactions in Canada, the United States and in the other countries in which we operate, including those related to telemarketing services, debt collection, credit reporting, healthcare-related data and in some cases the removal of prescribed content from social media sites.

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Taxation. Several of our facilities, primarily located in the Philippines and India, benefit from tax incentives designed to encourage foreign investment. In the Philippines, these incentives are administered by the Philippine Economic Zone Authority (PEZA) and initially provide a four-year tax exemption for each PEZA registered location, followed by a preferential tax rate of 5% of gross profit. The CREATE Act, signed into law in March 2021, grandfathers existing incentives but limits the 5% tax on gross profit period to 10 years. CREATE established a new incentive program with similar benefits including an income tax exemption period followed by either the 5% preferential tax on gross profit or the proposed regular corporate tax rate of 25% but with enhanced tax deductions. Certain of our delivery locations in India, which were established in Special Economic Zones, are eligible for tax incentives that are expected to be phased out commencing 2024 through 2034. These delivery locations were eligible for a 100% income tax exemption for the first five years of operation and a 50% exemption for a period of up to 10 years thereafter if certain conditions are met. Additionally, there were new delivery locations established during the fiscal year ended December 31, 2019, which are eligible for tax incentives until 2034. See “Item 3D Risk Factors—Business & Operational Risks —Our financial condition could be negatively affected if countries reduce or withdraw tax benefits and other incentives currently provided to companies within our industry or if we are no longer eligible for these benefits”, “Item 3D—Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Business—Our business may not develop in ways that we currently anticipate and demand for our services may be reduced due to negative reaction to offshore / nearshore outsourcing or automation from the public”, “Item 3D—Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Business—Tax legislation and the results of actions by taxing authorities may have an adverse effect on our operations and our overall tax rate”, “Item 3D—Risk Factors—Business & Operational Risks—Certain income of our non-Canadian subsidiaries may be taxable in Canada, and if the Canadian tax authorities were to successfully dispute the quantum of such income, our tax expense and tax liability may increase”, “Item 3D—Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Subordinate Voting Shares—There could be adverse tax consequence for our shareholders in the United States if we are a passive foreign investment company”.

The jurisdictions where we operate, as well as our contracts, require us to comply with or facilitate our clients’ compliance with numerous, complex and sometimes conflicting legal regimes, both domestically and internationally. These laws and regulations relate to a number of aspects of our business, including anti-corruption, internal and disclosure control obligations, data privacy and protection, wage-and-hour standards, employment and labor relations, trade protections and restrictions, import and export control, tariffs, taxation, sanctions, data and transaction processing security, payment card industry data security standards, records management, user-generated content hosted on websites we operate, privacy practices, data residency, corporate governance, anti-trust and competition, team member and third-party complaints, telemarketing regulations, telephone consumer regulations, government affairs and other regulatory requirements affecting trade and investment.

Our clients are located around the world, and the laws and regulations that apply to them include, among others, U.S. federal laws and regulations such as the Fair Credit Reporting Act, Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act, the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA), the Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health Act, Telephone Consumer Protection Act, Telemarketing Sales Rule, state laws on third-party administration services, utilization review services, data privacy and protection telemarketing services or state laws on debt collection in the U.S., collectively enforced by numerous federal and state government agencies and attorneys general, as well as similar consumer protection laws in other countries in which our clients’ customers are based. Failure to perform our services in a manner that complies with any such requirements could result in breaches of contracts with our clients. The application of these laws and regulations to our clients is often unclear and may at times conflict. The global nature of our operations increases the difficulty of compliance. For example, in many foreign countries, particularly in those with developing economies, it is common to engage in business practices that are prohibited by regulations applicable to us or our clients, including Canada’s Corruption of Foreign Public Officials Act and the United States Foreign Corrupt Practices Act. We cannot provide assurance that our clients will not take actions in violation of our internal policies or Canadian or United States laws. Further, payment card industry and HIPAA guidance is evolving in light of the increase in remote-working conditions globally, and thus there exists uncertainty over the additional cost and ability to comply with such evolving standards. Compliance with these laws and regulations may involve significant costs, consume significant time and resources or require changes in our business practices that result in reduced revenue and profitability.

In addition, we are required under various laws to obtain and maintain accreditations, permits and/or licenses for the conduct of our business in all jurisdictions in which we have operations and, in some cases, where our clients receive our services, including the United States, Canada and Europe.

C.Organizational Structure

TELUS is our controlling shareholder. See “Item 7A—Major Shareholders”. As at December 31, 2022, we have the following “significant subsidiaries”, as such term is defined in Rule 1-02 of Regulation S-X under the Securities Act, all of which are directly or indirectly wholly-owned by TELUS International:

•TELUS International Philippines, Inc. (Philippines)

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•TELUS International Services Limited (Ireland)

•TELUS International AI Inc. (Delaware)

D.Property, Plant And Equipment

At December 31, 2022, we had 56 delivery locations and global operations in 28 countries. Following the acquisition of WillowTree in January 2023, we have added operations in two countries, bringing our total to 30 countries. We also have two corporate offices located in Toronto and Vancouver. All of our facilities are leased, with a total leased area of approximately 389,111 square meters (approximately 4,188,356 square feet).

ITEM 4A UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS

None.

ITEM 5 OPERATING AND FINANCIAL REVIEW AND PROSPECTS

A.Operating Results

Overview

We are a leading digital customer experience (CX) innovator that designs, builds and delivers next-generation solutions, including AI and content moderation, for global and disruptive brands. Our services support the full lifecycle of our clients’ digital transformation journeys and enable them to more quickly embrace next-generation digital technologies to deliver better business outcomes. We work with our clients to shape their digital vision and strategies, design scalable processes and identify opportunities for innovation and growth. We bring to bear expertise in advanced technologies and processes, as well as a deep understanding of the challenges faced by all of our clients, including some of the largest global brands, when engaging with their customers. Over the last 18 years, we have built comprehensive, end-to-end capabilities with a mix of industry and digital technology expertise to support our clients in their customer experience and digital enablement transformations.

TELUS International was born out of an intense focus on customer service excellence, continuous improvement and a values-driven culture under the ownership of TELUS Corporation, a leading communications and information technology company in Canada. Since our founding, we have made a number of significant organic investments and acquisitions, with the goal of better serving our growing portfolio of global clients. We have expanded our agile delivery model to access highly qualified talent in multiple geographies, including Asia-Pacific, Central America, Europe and North America, and developed a broader set of complex, digital-centric capabilities.

We believe our ability to help clients realize better business outcomes begins with the talented team members we dedicate to supporting our clients because customer experience delivered by empathetic, highly skilled and engaged teams is key to providing a high-quality brand experience. We have a unique and differentiated culture that places people and a shared set of values at the forefront of everything we do. Over the past decade, we have made a series of investments in our people predicated upon the core philosophy that our “caring culture” drives sustainable team member engagement, retention and customer satisfaction.

We have expanded our focus across multiple industry verticals, targeting clients who believe exceptional customer experience is critical to their success. We believe we have a category-defining value proposition with a unique approach to combining both digital transformation and CX capabilities. We have built comprehensive, end-to-end capabilities with a mix of industry and digital technology expertise to support our clients in their customer experience and digital enablement journeys. Our services support the full scope of our clients’ digital transformations and enable clients to more quickly embrace next-generation digital technologies to deliver better business outcomes. We provide strategy and innovation, next-generation technology and IT services, and CX process and delivery solutions to fuel our clients’ growth. Our highly skilled and empathetic team members together with our deep expertise in customer experience processes, next-generation technologies and expertise within our industry verticals are core to our success. We combine these with our ability to discover, analyze and innovate with new digital technologies in our centres of excellence to continuously evolve and expand our solutions and services.

We have built an agile delivery model with global scale to support next-generation, digitally-led customer experiences. Substantially all of our delivery locations are connected through a carrier-grade infrastructure backed by cloud technologies, enabling globally distributed and virtualized teams. The interconnectedness of our teams and ability to seamlessly shift

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interactions between physical and digital channels enables us to tailor our delivery strategy to clients’ evolving needs. As at December 31, 2022, we have over 73,000 team members in 56 delivery locations and global operations across 28 countries.

Our delivery locations are strategically selected based on a number of factors, including access to diverse, skilled talent, proximity to clients and ability to deliver our services over multiple time zones and in multiple languages. We have established a presence in key global markets, which supply us with qualified, cutting-edge technology talent and have been recognized as an employer of choice in many of these markets. In addition, TELUS International AI Data Solutions (which was formed with the data annotation business we acquired from Lionbridge Technologies Inc. at the end of 2020, and the 2D, 3D and computer vision data annotation capabilities we obtained through our acquisition of Playment in 2021) utilizes the services of crowdsourced contractors that are geographically dispersed across the globe.

The acquisition of WillowTree, described further below under the section titled “Recent Developments” and in “Item 4B—Business Overview—About WillowTree and the acquisition”, resulted in the addition of over 1,000 team members, operations in 13 delivery locations, and expanded our number of countries with operations to 30.

Today, our clients include companies across multiple verticals, including Tech and Games, eCommerce and FinTech, Banking, Financial Services and Insurance, Communications and Media, and Travel and Hospitality. Our relationship with TELUS Corporation, our largest client and controlling shareholder, has been instrumental to our success. TELUS Corporation provides significant revenue visibility, stability and growth, as well as strategic partnership for co-innovation within our Communications and Media industry vertical. Our master services agreement with TELUS Corporation (TELUS MSA) provides for a term of ten years beginning in January 2021 and a minimum annual spend of $200 million, subject to adjustment in accordance with its terms. For more information, see “Item 7B—Related Party Transactions—Our Relationship with TELUS—Master Services Agreement”.

Recent Developments

On October 27, 2022, we announced a definitive agreement to acquire WillowTree, a full-service digital product provider focused on end user experiences, such as native mobile applications and unified web interfaces. On January 3, 2023, subsequent to the satisfaction of the closing conditions, we completed our acquisition of WillowTree. Under the agreement, TELUS International acquired WillowTree for total purchase consideration of approximately $1.1 billion, net of assumed debt, and comprised of cash, $125 million of our subordinate voting shares, and provisions for written put options for the portion retained by certain eligible management team members that will be settled subject to certain performance-based criteria.

WillowTree management team members retained approximately 15% of total WillowTree equity, and we granted written put options to such management team members which will become exercisable in tranches over a three-year period starting in 2026. These written put options may be settled in cash or, at our discretion, in a combination of cash and up to 70% in subordinate voting shares, and this will be recorded as a provision, measured at fair value, in our condensed interim consolidated financial statements in the first quarter of 2023. Concurrent with this acquisition, WillowTree management team members provided us with purchase call options, which substantially mirror the written put options.

In connection with the WillowTree acquisition, on December 20, 2022, we amended and expanded our existing credit facility to an aggregate $2 billion credit facility, consisting of an $800 million revolving credit facility and $1.2 billion in term loans payable in five years (see Note 15(b)—Long-term debt—Credit facility to the audited consolidated financial statements as at and for the year ended December 31, 2022 included in this Annual Report for additional details).

For more information about WillowTree, see “Item 4B—Business Overview—About WillowTree and the acquisition”.

Business Acquisitions

We enhance our service offerings and delivery platform through both organic growth and strategic acquisitions that support our strategy to design, build and deliver customized solutions for our clients. Our results are impacted by the effects of the initial purchase accounting, as required by IFRS, which typically includes the recognition of significant intangible assets which result in higher amortization expense in future periods. Our results are also impacted by additional interest expense when an acquisition is financed with incremental borrowings. As a result of our acquisitions, our year-over-year financial results may not be comparable.

In January 2020, we acquired 100% of Competence Call Center (CCC), a leading provider of higher-value-added business services with a focus on trust and safety, including content moderation, for cash consideration of $873 million. The

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investment was made with a view to enhancing our service offerings and strategic relationships and building a strong presence in Europe. In 2021, we rebranded the group comprised of substantially all of the assets of CCC to TELUS International Northern Europe.

In April 2020, we acquired Managed IT Services business (MITS), a leading provider of managed IT services in Canada, offering a mix of cloud technologies, IT sourcing and managed hosting, from TELUS Corporation, our controlling shareholder, in exchange for share consideration with a value of $49 million. This investment was made with a view to enhancing our managed digital services portfolio.

On December 31, 2020, we completed the acquisition of Lionbridge AI, the data annotation business of Lionbridge Technologies, Inc. for cash consideration of $940 million.

On July 2, 2021, we completed the acquisition of Playment, a Bangalore, India-based leader in computer vision tools and services specialized in 2D and 3D image, video and LiDAR (light detection and ranging). The acquisition builds upon our existing domain expertise and experience in data annotation, positioning us to support technology and large enterprise clients developing AI-powered solutions across a variety of markets. In 2021, we rebranded the Lionbridge AI business to TELUS International AI Data Solutions (TIAI) and added the capabilities of Playment. TIAI is one of only two globally-scaled, managed AI training data and data annotation services and platform providers in the world.

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Results of Operations


	Years Ended December 31
($ in millions, except per share amounts and percentages)	2022			2021			2020
Revenue	$	2,468		$	2,194		$	1,582

Operating Expenses
Salaries and benefits	1,393			1,222			947
Goods and services purchased	468			432			244
Share-based compensation	25			75			29
Acquisition, integration and other	40			23			59
Depreciation	124			115			99
Amortization of intangible assets	134			142			83
	2,184			2,009			1,461
Operating Income	284			185			121
Changes in business combination-related provisions	—			—			(74)
Interest expense	41			44			46
Foreign exchange	(7)			(1)			(2)
Income before Income Taxes	250			142			151
Income taxes	67			64			48
Net Income	$	183		$	78		$	103
Earnings per Share
Basic Earnings per Share	$	0.69		$	0.30		$	0.46
Diluted Earnings per Share	$	0.68		$	0.29		$	0.46
Other financial information
Net Income Margin	7.4		%	3.6		%	6.5		%
Adjusted Net Income(1)	$	332		$	267		$	160
Adjusted Basic Earnings per Share(1)	$	1.25		$	1.01		$	0.71
Adjusted Diluted Earnings per Share(1)	$	1.23		$	1.00		$	0.71
Adjusted EBITDA(1)	$	607		$	540		$	391
Adjusted EBITDA Margin(1)	24.6		%	24.6		%	24.7		%
Cash provided by operating activities(2)	$	437		$	311		$	297
Free Cash Flow(1)(2)	$	333		$	210		$	223
Gross Profit1	$	716		$	634		$	503
Gross Profit Margin(1)	29.0		%	28.9		%	31.8		%
Adjusted Gross Profit(1)	$	974		$	891		$	685
Adjusted Gross Profit Margin (%)(1)	39.5		%	40.6		%	43.3		%

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(1)Adjusted Net Income, Gross Profit, Adjusted Gross Profit, Adjusted EBITDA, and Free Cash Flow are non-GAAP financial measures. Adjusted Basic Earnings per Share, Adjusted Diluted Earnings per Share, Adjusted EBITDA Margin, Gross Profit Margin and Adjusted Gross Profit Margin are non-GAAP ratios. These non-GAAP financial measures and ratios do not have a standardized meaning under IFRS and may not be comparable with similar measures presented by other issuers. See “—Non-GAAP Financial Measures and Non-GAAP Ratios” for a reconciliation to the nearest comparable GAAP measure.

(2)In the fourth quarter of 2022, we changed our presentation of cash interest paid, previously included in cash flows from operating activities, to cash flows from financing activities, as permitted by IAS 7, Statement of cash flows. This resulted in a change in Free Cash Flow. All amounts presented for the comparative periods have been reclassified to conform with current period presentation. See Note 1(a)—Summary of significant accounting policies—Basis of presentation to the audited consolidated financial statements as at and for the year ended December 31, 2022 included in this Annual Report for additional details.

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Revenue

We earn revenue pursuant to contracts with our clients that generally take the form of a master services agreement (MSA), or other service contracts. MSAs, which are framework agreements with terms generally ranging from three to five years, with the vast majority having a term of three years, are supplemented by statements of work (SOWs) that identify the specific services to be provided and the related pricing for each service. There are a number of factors that impact the pricing of the services identified in each SOW or service contract, including, but not limited to, the nature and scope of services being provided, service levels and, under certain of our MSAs, we are able to share, to a certain extent, our higher costs of services and foreign exchange risk arising from currency fluctuations. The substantial majority of our revenue is earned based on a time and materials billing model.

Most of our contracts, other than with TELUS Corporation, do not commit our clients to a minimum annual spend or to specific volumes of services. Although the contracts we enter into with our clients provide for terms that range from three to five years, the arrangements may be terminated by our clients for convenience with limited notice and without payment of a penalty or termination fee. Additionally, our clients may also delay, postpone, cancel or reduce the volume of certain of the services we provide without canceling the whole contract. Many of our contracts contain provisions that would require us to pay penalties to our clients and/or provide our clients with the right to terminate the contract if we do not meet pre-agreed service level requirements.

From period to period, the fluctuation in our revenue is primarily a function of changes to existing SOWs, new SOWs with existing clients, MSAs signed with new clients, and the impact of foreign exchange on non-U.S. dollar-denominated contracts. While we provide a discussion and analysis of our results of operations below, we are unable to quantify the effects of changes in price or volume in relation to our revenue growth. We do not track standard measures of a per-unit rate or volume, since our measures of price and volume are extremely complex. Each of our customers is unique, with varying needs and requirements that span our diverse services offerings, which is reflected in a customized services contract and pricing model that does not fit into standard comparability measurements. Revenue for our services is a function of the nature of each specific service to be provided as specified by each client, the geographical region where the service is to be performed, the skills required and/or the outcome sought, estimated costs to perform, contract terms and other factors.

Comparison of Years Ended December 31, 2022 and 2021. Our revenue increased $274 million, or 12%, to $2,468 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, driven by growth in services provided to existing clients as well as new clients added since the prior year. Revenue growth included an unfavorable foreign currency impact of approximately 4% due to the lower average EUR:USD exchange rate associated with the strengthening U.S. dollar against the European euro, as compared to the average rate in 2021. Revenue from our top 10 clients for the year ended December 31, 2022 was 65%, compared to 61% in the year ended December 31, 2021.

Comparison of Years Ended December 31, 2021 and 2020. Our revenue increased $612 million, or 39%, to
$2,194 million for the year ended December 31, 2021 compared to the year ended December 31, 2020. Organic revenue growth was $268 million or 17%, which was driven by growth in services provided to existing clients as well as new clients added since the prior year end, while revenue growth from prior year acquisitions was $344 million or 22%, which was largely attributable to our acquisitions of the businesses forming TIAI. Organic revenue growth included a favorable foreign currency impact of approximately 2%, predominantly driven by the higher average EUR:USD exchange rate for the year ended December 31, 2021, as compared to the average rate for the year ended December 31, 2020.

For the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, three clients each accounted for more than 10% of our revenues, and for the year ended December 31, 2020, two clients each accounted for more than 10% of our revenues. TELUS Corporation, our controlling shareholder and largest client for the year ended December 31, 2022, accounted for approximately 17.3%, 16.1% and 19.6% of our revenue for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively. Our second largest client for the year ended December 31, 2022, a leading social media company, accounted for 15.0%, 17.7% and 15.6% of our revenue for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively. Our third largest client, Google, accounted for approximately 11.9%, 11.0% and 7.5% of our revenue for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively.

We deliver tailored solutions to a diverse set of clients active in various verticals from our delivery locations around the world. However, these services are marketed, sold and delivered to clients in an integrated manner in order to provide a unified, seamless sales and delivery experience. Our chief operating decision maker reviews financial information presented on a consolidated basis for the purposes of evaluating financial performance and making resource allocation decisions. Accordingly, we report our results and manage our business as a single operating and reporting segment.

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We earn revenue pursuant to contracts with our clients, who operate in various industry verticals. The following table presents our earned revenue disaggregation for our five largest industry verticals:


	Years Ended December 31
(in millions)	2022		2021		2020
Revenue by Industry Vertical
Tech and Games	$	1,148	$	999	$	617
Communications and Media	581		537		481
eCommerce and FinTech	285		259		171
Banking, Financial Services and Insurance	166		97		68
Travel and Hospitality	75		62		54
All others	213		240		191
Total	$	2,468	$	2,194	$	1,582

Our revenue has grown in each strategic industry vertical from 2020 to 2022. During the year ended December 31, 2022, revenue for our Tech and Games, Communications and Media, eCommerce and FinTech, Banking, Financial Services and Insurance and Travel and Hospitality industry verticals increased 15%, 8%, 10%, 71%, and 21%, respectively, compared to the year ended December 31, 2021. During the year ended December 31, 2021, revenue for our Tech and Games, Communications and Media, eCommerce and FinTech and Banking, Financial Services and Insurance industry verticals increased 62%, 12%, 51%, 43%, and 15%, respectively, as compared to the year ended December 31, 2020. The revenue growth in our Tech and Games industry vertical during 2022 was driven by continued growth within our existing clients and the addition of new clients through organic channels, while in 2021, the growth was driven by both organic growth and the acquisition of Lionbridge AI in December 2020, which has clients that are largely categorized to this industry vertical. Revenue growth in the Communications and Media industry vertical was predominantly driven by higher revenue from TELUS Corporation. Revenue growth in our eCommerce and FinTech and Travel and Hospitality industry verticals were primarily attributable to new clients and growth within our existing client base, while revenue growth generated from the Banking, Financial Services and Insurance industry vertical was driven by the addition of a leading global financial institution client. Across all of our verticals during the year ended December 31, 2022, the reported revenue growth rates were negatively impacted by unfavourable EUR:USD currency movements compared to the year ended December 31, 2021, as discussed earlier.

We serve our clients, who are primarily domiciled in North America, from multiple delivery locations across four geographic regions. In addition, our TIAI clients are largely supported by crowdsourced contractors that are globally dispersed and not limited to the physical locations of our delivery centres. The table below presents the revenue generated in each geographic region, based on the location of our delivery centres or where the services were provided from, for the periods presented.


	Years Ended December 31
(in millions)	2022		2021		2020
Revenue by Geographic Region
Europe	$	880	$	921	$	636
North America	621		502		346
Asia-Pacific	591		455		337
Central America	376		316		263
Total	$	2,468	$	2,194	$	1,582

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The number of team members by geographic region is as follows:


	Years Ended December 31
Team Members by Geographic Region	2022	2021	2020
Asia-Pacific(1)	32,405	24,812	19,952
Europe(2)	19,796	19,311	15,305
Central America(3)	16,563	14,124	12,219
North America(4)	4,378	3,894	3,142
Total	73,142	62,141	50,618

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(1)Comprises China, India, Japan, Philippines, Singapore, and South Korea.

(2)Comprises Austria, Bulgaria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Czechia, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Ireland, Latvia, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, Spain, Switzerland, Turkey and United Kingdom.

(3)Comprises Costa Rica, El Salvador and Guatemala.

(4)Comprises Canada and the United States.

Salaries and benefits

The principal components of salaries and benefits expense include all compensation and benefits, excluding share-based compensation, paid to our front-line and administrative employees.

Comparison of Years Ended December 31, 2022 and 2021. Salaries and benefits increased $171 million, or 14%, to $1,393 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, due to higher team member count to support business growth and higher average employee salaries and wages, partially offset by the lower average exchange rates across a variety of currencies relative to the U.S. dollar. Salaries and benefits as a percentage of revenue remained steady at 56% for both the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021. Total team member count was 73,142 at December 31, 2022 compared to 62,141 at December 31, 2021.

Comparison of Years Ended December 31, 2021 and 2020. Salaries and benefits increased $275 million, or 29%, to $1,222 million for the year ended December 31, 2021, due to higher team member count to support business growth and higher average employee salaries and wages. Salaries and benefits as a percentage of revenue decreased to 56% in the year ended December 31, 2021, compared to 60% in the comparative year. The decrease was primarily due to TIAI, which is largely supported by crowdsourced contractors, the costs of which are included in goods and services purchased.

Goods and services purchased

Goods and services purchased include items such as software licensing costs that are required to support our operations, contracted labor costs, sales and marketing expenses associated with promoting and selling our services, compliance expenses such as legal and audit fees and business taxes, other IT expenditures, bad debt expenses and facility expenses.

Comparison of Years Ended December 31, 2022 and 2021. Goods and services purchased increased $36 million, or 8%, to $468 million for the year ended December 31, 2022 compared to the year ended December 31, 2021. The increase was attributable to business growth, including higher crowdsourced contractor costs from the expansion in our TIAI business, as described above, partially offset by the lower average exchange rates across a variety of currencies relative to the U.S. dollar.

Comparison of Years Ended December 31, 2021 and 2020. Goods and services purchased increased $188 million, or 77%, to $432 million for the year ended December 31, 2021 compared to the year ended December 31, 2020. This increase was largely driven by our acquisition of TIAI and its crowdsourced contractors, which are recognized in goods and services purchased, and higher software, recruitment and other administrative costs to support the organic growth in our business.

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Share-based compensation

Share-based compensation relates to restricted share unit awards and share option awards granted to employees. These awards include both liability-accounted awards, which requires a mark-to-market revaluation against our share price, and equity-accounted awards.

Comparison of Years Ended December 31, 2022 and 2021. Share-based compensation decreased $50 million to
$25 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. The decrease was primarily due to the decrease in our share price during the year, which resulted in lower expense on our liability-accounted awards, as compared to the increase in our share price in the comparative year ended December 31, 2021 following our IPO. The decrease was partially offset by higher expense associated with equity-accounted awards granted in the current year.

Comparison of Years Ended December 31, 2021 and 2020.