The following table presents the gross carrying amount and accumulated amortization for each major class of intangible assets as of December 31, 2023 and 2022:


(In thousands)	December 31, 2023				December 31, 2022
	Gross Carrying Amount		Accumulated Amortization		Gross Carrying Amount		Accumulated Amortization
Permits	$	746,126	$	(80,439)	$	739,119	$	(16,058)
Transit, street furniture and other outdoor contractual rights	356,883		(325,357)		352,663		(315,144)
Permanent easements	163,293		—		160,688		—
Trademarks	83,569		(39,214)		83,569		(30,889)
Other	1,107		(1,094)		1,146		(1,087)
Total intangible assets	$	1,350,978	$	(446,104)	$	1,337,185	$	(363,178)

During 2023, the Company acquired permits and permanent easements of $7.0 million and $3.8 million, respectively, as part of asset acquisitions. The acquired permits have amortization periods ranging from 11 to 16 years. During 2022, the Company acquired permits and permanent easements of $48.4 million and $3.8 million, respectively, as part of asset acquisitions.

Total amortization expense related to finite-lived intangible assets for continuing operations for 2023, 2022 and 2021 was $79.0 million, $35.7 million, and $22.6 million, respectively. The increase in amortization expense was driven by the change in the classification of permits from indefinite-lived to finite-lived in the fourth quarter of 2022, as described in Note 2.

The following table presents the Company’s estimate of future amortization expense; however, in the event that acquisitions and dispositions occur in the future, amortization expense may vary.

As described in Note 2, the Company performs its annual impairment test for indefinite-lived intangible assets as of July 1 of each year, and more frequently as events or changes in circumstances warrant. No impairment was recognized during 2023 as a result of these tests. In 2022, the Company recognized total impairment charges of $22.7 million, including $21.8 million on its then-indefinite-lived permits, driven by rising interest rates and inflation, and $0.9 million on permanent easements. In 2021, the Company recognized an impairment charge of $119.0 million on its then-indefinite-lived permits, driven by an increase in the discount rate.


(In thousands)	America		Airports		Europe-North		Consolidated
Balance as of December 31, 2021(1)	$	482,937	$	24,882	$	151,710	$	659,529
Foreign currency impact	—		—		(8,886)		(8,886)
Balance as of December 31, 2022	482,937		24,882		142,824		650,643


Foreign currency impact	—		—		5,920		5,920
Balance as of December 31, 2023	$	482,937	$	24,882	$	148,744	$	656,563

(1)The balance at December 31, 2021 is net of cumulative impairments of $2.6 billion for America, $79.4 million for Europe-North, $90.4 million for Other.

As described in Note 2, the Company performs its annual impairment test for goodwill as of July 1 each year, and more frequently as events or changes in circumstances warrant. The Company did not recognize any goodwill impairment for its continuing operations during 2023, 2022 or 2021.