ASC 820—Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures (“ASC 820”), defines fair value as the price that would be received for an asset, or paid to transfer a liability, in an orderly transaction between market participants on the measurement date, and establishes a three-level fair value hierarchy that prioritizes the inputs used to measure fair value as follows:

Level 1 - Observable inputs that reflect unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities.

Level 2 - Other inputs that are directly or indirectly observable in the marketplace.

Level 3 - Unobservable inputs that are supported by little or no market activity, including the Company’s own assumptions in determining fair value.

The Company’s financial assets and liabilities subject to the three-level fair value hierarchy consist principally of cash and equivalents, short-term investments, accounts receivable, derivative financial instruments, accounts payable, long-term and short-term debt and contingent consideration payable. The estimated fair value of cash included in cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivable, and accounts payable approximates their carrying value due to their short maturities (less than 12 months).

The Company’s short- and long-term debt are recorded at their carrying values in the consolidated balance sheets, which may differ from their respective fair values. The carrying values and estimated fair values of the Company’s short- and long-term debt approximate their carrying values as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, based on interest rates currently available to the Company for similar borrowings.

Money market funds are recorded at fair value using quoted market prices in active markets and are classified as Level 1 in the fair value hierarchy.

The Company estimates the fair values of investments in U.S. treasuries, agency bond securities, commercial paper, and certificates of deposit using level 2 inputs, by taking into consideration valuations obtained from a third-party pricing service. The pricing services utilize industry standard valuation models, including both income and market-based approaches, for which all significant inputs are observable, either directly or indirectly, to estimate fair value. These inputs include reported trades of and broker/dealer quotes on the same or similar securities, issuer credit spreads, market yield curves, benchmark securities, prepayment/default projections based on historical data, and other observable inputs.

Currently, the Company uses interest rate swaps to manage interest rate risk. The valuation of these instruments is determined using widely accepted valuation techniques, including discounted cash flow analysis on the expected cash flows of each derivative. This analysis reflects the contractual terms of the derivatives, including the period to maturity, and uses observable market-based inputs, including interest rate curves and implied volatilities.

To comply with the provisions of ASC 820, the Company incorporates credit valuation adjustments to appropriately reflect both its own nonperformance risk and the respective counterparty’s nonperformance risk in the fair value measurements.

Although the Company has determined that the majority of the inputs used to value its derivatives fall within Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy, the credit valuation adjustments associated with its derivatives utilize Level 3 inputs, such as estimates of current credit spreads to evaluate the likelihood of default by the Company and its counterparties. The Company has determined that the significance of the impact of the credit valuation adjustments made to its derivative contracts, which determination was based on the fair value of each individual contract, was not significant to the overall valuation. As a result, all of its derivatives held as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 were classified as Level 2 in the fair value hierarchy.

The deferred consideration resulting from the acquisition of Populi in the third quarter of 2023, which is subject to meeting certain revenue metrics during calendar years 2024 and 2025, is measured at fair value on a recurring basis. The fair value was estimated based on the present value of the amount expected to be paid at the end of the measurement period. At December 31, 2023, the fair value of the contingent consideration was estimated to be $8.8 million and was included in other long-term liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets. The change in estimate of contingent consideration subsequent to initial measurement as of the acquisition date was recorded in transaction, integration, and restructuring expense in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations.

The deferred consideration that resulted from the acquisition of Analytical Wizards in the first quarter of 2022, which is subject to the meeting of certain expense control metrics during the two-year period following the acquisition, is also measured at fair value on a recurring basis. The fair value was estimated based on the present value of the amount expected to be paid at the end of the measurement period. At December 31, 2023, the fair value of the contingent consideration was estimated to be $1.6 million and was included in accrued expenses and other current liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets. The change in estimate of contingent consideration subsequent to initial measurement as of the acquisition date was recorded in transaction, integration, and restructuring expense in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations.

Earnout liabilities are classified within Level 3 in the fair value hierarchy because the methodology used to develop the estimated fair value includes significant unobservable inputs reflecting management’s own assumptions. The table below presents a reconciliation of earnout liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis using significant unobservable inputs (Level 3):

Certain assets and liabilities, including property, plant and equipment, lease right-of-use assets, goodwill and other intangible assets, are measured at fair value on a non-recurring basis. These assets are remeasured when the derived fair value is below the carrying value on the Company’s consolidated balance sheet. For these assets, the Company does not periodically adjust carrying value to fair value except in the event of impairment. When impairment has occurred, the Company measures the required charges and adjusts the carrying value as discussed in Note 2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies.

The Company performed an interim goodwill impairment test during the third quarter of 2023 and concluded that the carrying value of its single reporting unit exceeded its fair value and recorded a $287.4 million non-cash goodwill impairment charge for the year ended December 31, 2023. For further discussion about the impairment testing of assets not measured at fair value on a recurring basis, see Note 9. Goodwill and Intangible Assets.

At December 31, 2023 and 2022, assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis were as follows:


	As of December 31, 2023
(in thousands)	Total		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3
Assets:
Cash and cash equivalents:
Money market funds	$	87,869	$	87,869	$	—	$	—
Commercial paper (maturities less than 90 days)		4,227		—		4,227		—
Certificates of deposit (maturities less than 90 days)		1,000		—		1,000		—
Short-term investments:
U.S. treasuries		62,461		—		62,461		—
Corporate bonds		2,324		—		2,324		—
Commercial paper		94,336		—		94,336		—
Certificates of deposit		17,971		—		17,971		—
Prepaid expenses and other current assets:
Interest rate swap contracts		3,426		—		3,426		—
Other assets:
Interest rate swap contracts		509		—		509		—
Liabilities:
Contingent consideration		10,352		—		—		10,352


	As of December 31, 2022
(in thousands)	Total		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3
Assets:
Cash and cash equivalents:
Money market funds	$	39,523	$	39,523	$	—	$	—
Commercial paper (maturities less than 90 days)		2,276		—		2,276		—
Certificates of deposit (maturities less than 90 days)		1,549		—		1,549		—
Agency bonds (maturities less than 90 days)		768		—		768		—
Short-term investments:
U.S. treasuries		59,723		—		59,723		—
Agency bonds		6,452		—		6,452		—
Commercial paper		95,737		—		95,737		—
Certificates of deposit		23,027		—		23,027		—
Prepaid expenses and other current assets:
Interest rate swap contracts		3,716		—		3,716		—
Other assets:
Interest rate swap contracts		2,834		—		2,834		—
Liabilities:
Other long-term liabilities:
Contingent consideration		2,250		—		—		2,250

At December 31, 2023 and 2022, except for the contingent consideration noted above, the estimated fair values of all of the Company’s financial assets and liabilities subject to the three-level fair value hierarchy approximated their carrying values due to their short-term maturities (less than 12 months).