During the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company enacted certain workforce reductions, wound down Modus and terminated certain of its operating leases. The workforce reductions were part of a broader plan by the Company to take meaningful actions to improve the alignment between the Company’s organizational structure and its long-term business strategy, drive cost efficiencies enabled by the Company’s technology and other competitive advantages and continue to drive toward profitability and positive free cash flow. In addition to the workforce reductions, restructuring actions have

included and are expected to include, but not be limited to, a reduction in U.S. hiring and backfills resulting from attrition; a reduction in spend through third-party vendors; eliminating the use of incentives when recruiting new agents and reducing incentives for existing agents; a planned slow down in new market expansion; and a review of occupancy costs with a view to consolidating offices and reducing related costs.

As a result of restructuring actions taken during the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company incurred restructuring costs of $49.1 million, resulting from severance and other termination benefits for employees whose roles were eliminated, lease terminations costs as a result of the accelerated amortization of various right-of-use assets and other restructuring costs, including those costs related to the wind-down of Modus. These costs have been presented within the Restructuring costs line in the consolidated statements of operations. The Company incurred additional non-cash charges of approximately $7.1 million during the year ended December 31, 2022 associated with the discontinued use of certain intangible assets associated with Modus and charges pertaining to the write-down of fixed assets for certain real estate leases that have been exited, or partially exited. These costs have been included within the Depreciation and amortization line in the consolidated statements of operations.

During the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company implemented a further workforce reduction and took actions to reduce its occupancy costs, the most significant being the scaling down of its New York administrative office. During the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company incurred restructuring costs of $30.4 million in connection with these actions. These costs are a result of severance and other termination benefits for employees whose roles were eliminated and lease termination costs as a result of the accelerated amortization of various right-of-use assets and other lease-related costs. These expenses have been presented within the Restructuring costs line in the consolidated statements of operations. The Company incurred additional non-cash charges of approximately $5.3 million during the year ended December 31, 2023 associated with the write-down of fixed assets for certain real estate leases that have been exited, or partially exited. These costs have been included within the Depreciation and amortization line in the consolidated statements of operations.

The following table summarizes the total costs incurred in connection with the Company's restructuring activities taken during the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 (in millions):


	Year Ended December 31,
	2023		2022
Severance related personnel costs	$	8.9	$	40.6
Lease termination costs	21.5		7.7
Accelerated amortization of intangible assets	—		4.6
Accelerated depreciation	5.3		2.5
Other restructuring activities	—		0.8
Total expense	$	35.7	$	56.2

The total costs incurred in connection with the Company's restructuring activities during the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 were included in the consolidated statements of operations as follows (in millions):

The following table summarizes the estimated timing of the Company's future lease and lease-related payments, net of amounts contractually subleased, related to restructuring activities for lease termination costs as of December 31, 2023 (in millions):