Note 7. Income Taxes

At December 31, 2023, the Company had $26.2 million of indefinite lived federal net operating loss carryforwards and $48.0 million of state net operating loss carryforwards, which will begin to expire in 2029. As of December 31, 2023, the Company has federal research and development credit carryforwards of $0.8 million, which will expire in 2042 if unutilized, and state research and development credit carryforwards of $0.4 million, which carryforward until exhausted. Utilization of these operating loss carryforwards and credits may be subject to an annual limitation based on changes in ownership, as defined by Section 382 & 383 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended.

As required by the authoritative guidance on accounting for income taxes, the Company evaluates the realizability of deferred tax assets on a jurisdictional basis at each reporting date. Accounting for income taxes requires that a valuation allowance be established when it is more likely than not that all or a portion of the deferred taxes will not be realized. The Company considers all positive and negative evidence in

determining if, based on the weight of such evidence, a valuation allowance is required. In circumstances where there is sufficient negative evidence indicating that the deferred tax assets are not more likely than not realizable, the Company establishes a valuation allowance. The significant 2022 pre-tax loss, coupled with cumulative book losses projected in early future years, was significant negative evidence considered by the Company in recording an $18.4 million increase to the valuation allowance as of December 31, 2022. The valuation allowance is retained for the year ended December 31, 2023, with an increase to the valuation allowance of $2.8 million.

The Company recognizes only those tax positions that meet the more-likely-than-not recognition threshold, and establishes tax reserves for uncertain tax positions that do not meet this threshold. The Company settled uncertain tax positions in certain jurisdictions, of approximately $0.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 and $0.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. To the extent these unrecognized tax benefits are ultimately recognized, approximately $2.0 million will impact the Company’s effective tax rate and $0.3 million will be offset by a valuation allowance in future periods. The Company is filing for relief provisions in certain jurisdictions and based on such anticipated filings, it is reasonably possible that amounts of unrecognized tax benefits could decrease by $0.7 million within the next twelve months. As of December 31, 2023, the Company had uncertain tax positions of $2.9 million, inclusive of $0.6 million of interest and penalties.

The Company is not currently under examination by federal, state or foreign taxing jurisdictions. Further, at any given time, multiple tax years may be subject to examination by various taxing authorities. The recorded amounts of income tax are subject to adjustment upon examination, changes in interpretation and changes in judgment utilized in determining estimates.

The Company considers the earnings of its foreign entities to be permanently reinvested outside the United States based on estimates that future cash generation will be sufficient to meet future domestic cash needs. Accordingly, deferred taxes have not been recorded for the $16.1 million of undistributed earnings of the Company's foreign subsidiaries. As a result of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (“TCJA”) and the current U.S. taxation of deemed repatriated earnings, the additional taxes that might be payable upon repatriation of foreign earnings are not significant. All other outside basis differences not related to earnings were impractical to account for at this period of time and are currently considered as being permanent in duration.

The TCJA introduced a provision to tax global intangible low-taxed income (“GILTI”) of foreign subsidiaries and a measure to tax certain intercompany payments under the base erosion anti-abuse tax “BEAT” regime. For the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company did not generate intercompany transactions that met the BEAT threshold but does have to include GILTI relating to the Company's foreign subsidiaries. The Company elected to account for GILTI as a current period cost.