INCOME TAX (Tables)
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12 Months Ended |
Dec. 31, 2023 |
| INCOME TAX |
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| Schedule of maximum applicable income tax rates of other countries where the Company's subsidiaries having significant operations |
| | | | | | | | | | Year ended December 31, | | | | 2023 | | 2022 | | 2021 | | Germany | | | | | | | | – Corporation tax* | | 15.825 | % | 15.825 | % | 15.825 | % | – Trade tax* | | 14.35 | % | 14.35 | % | 13.825 | % | UK** | | 25 | % | 19 | % | 19 | % | Netherlands | | 25.8 | % | 25.8 | % | 25.8 | % |
*This corporate tax rate excludes trade tax, which rate depends on the municipality in which Lotus GmbH conducts its business. Trade Tax is calculated by determining the Trade Tax Base with 3.5% of the trade income and applying the tax factor which differs according to the specific municipality in Germany and equals 410%, 410% and 395% for the municipality of Raunheim in 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively. **UK corporate income tax rate changed from 19% to 25% since April 2023.
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| Schedule of component of income tax expense |
| | | | | | | | | Year ended December 31, | | | 2023 | | 2022 | | 2021 | | | US$ | | US$ | | US$ | The PRC, excluding Hong Kong | | (514,816) | | (652,302) | | (113,598) | Germany | | (5,370) | | 801 | | 2,060 | UK | | (166,174) | | 821 | | 2,415 | Netherlands | | (46,774) | | (47,710) | | (1,415) | Cayman Islands | | (4,383) | | (25,598) | | 1,860 | Hong Kong | | (1,859) | | 78 | | — | Others | | (9,766) | | (361) | | — | Total | | (749,142) | | (724,271) | | (108,678) |
| | | | | | | | | Year ended December 31, | | | 2023 | | 2022 | | 2021 | | | US$ | | US$ | | US$ | Current income tax expense | | | | | | | −The PRC, excluding Hong Kong | | 727 | | 73 | | 852 | − Germany | | 332 | | 400 | | 603 | − UK | | — | | (187) | | 182 | − Netherlands | | — | | — | | — | − Cayman Islands | | — | | — | | — | − Hong Kong | | — | | — | | — | − Others | | 54 | | 6 | | — | Total current tax provision | | 1,113 | | 292 | | 1,637 | Deferred income tax expense | | | | | | | − The PRC, excluding Hong Kong | | — | | — | | — | − Germany | | — | | — | | — | − UK | | — | | — | | 216 | − Netherlands | | — | | — | | — | − Cayman Islands | | — | | — | | — | − Hong Kong | | — | | — | | — | − Others | | — | | — | | — | Total deferred tax expense | | — | | — | | 216 | Total income tax expense | | 1,113 | | 292 | | 1,853 |
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| Schedule of reconciliation of actual income tax expense reported from the amount computed by applying the PRC income tax rate |
| | | | | | | | | Year ended December 31, | | | 2023 | | 2022 | | 2021 | | | US$ | | US$ | | US$ | Computed expected income tax benefit at the PRC statutory tax rate of 25% | | (187,286) | | (181,068) | | (27,170) | Effect on tax rates in different tax jurisdiction | | 824 | | 5,997 | | (373) | Preferential tax rate impact | | (423) | | — | | — | Tax effect of non-deductible expenses | | 2,474 | | 480 | | 110 | Tax effect of R&D expenses additional deduction | | (17,732) | | (3,068) | | (134) | Change in valuation allowance | | 202,586 | | 177,715 | | 29,784 | Tax filing difference | | 663 | | — | | — | Others | | 7 | | 236 | | (364) | Actual income tax expense | | 1,113 | | 292 | | 1,853 |
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| Schedule of deferred tax assets and liabilities |
| | | | | | | As of December 31, | | | 2023 | | 2022 | | | US$ | | US$ | Deferred tax assets: | | | | | Net operating losses carryforwards | | 186,642 | | 78,971 | Accrued expenses | | 22,664 | | 23,271 | Deferral of tax deduction of R&D expenses | | 308,850 | | 263,384 | Operating lease liabilities | | 31,633 | | 29,201 | Exchangeable notes | | 5,061 | | 3,532 | Mandatorily redeemable noncontrolling interest | | - | | 1,463 | Convertible notes | | 3,620 | | 1,289 | Deferral of tax deduction of advertising expenses | | 10,054 | | 6,404 | Property, equipment and software | | 2,908 | | 364 | Equity investments | | 843 | | 667 | Deferred revenue | | 19,102 | | 1,619 | Total gross deferred tax assets | | 591,377 | | 410,165 | Valuation allowance on deferred tax assets | | (390,737) | | (202,715) | Deferred tax assets, net of valuation allowance | | 200,640 | | 207,450 | Deferred tax liabilities: | | | | | Property, equipment and software | | (3,430) | | (285) | Derivative assets | | (17) | | — | Government grants | | (155,717) | | (178,090) | Operating lease right-of-use assets | | (41,476) | | (29,201) | Total deferred tax liabilities | | (200,640) | | (207,576) | Net deferred tax liabilities | | — | | (126) |
| | | | | | | As of December 31, | | | 2023 | | 2022 | | | US$ | | US$ | Deferred tax assets | | — | | — | Deferred tax liabilities | | — | | (126) | Net deferred tax liabilities | | — | | (126) |
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| Summary of valuation allowance |
| | | | | | | | | Year ended December 31, | | | 2023 | | 2022 | | 2021 | | | US$ | | US$ | | US$ | Balance at the beginning of the year | | 202,715 | | 32,914 | | 3,130 | Addition | | 215,886 | | 177,715 | | 29,784 | Deduction | | (25,934) | | — | | — | Effect of foreign currency translation | | (1,930) | | (7,914) | | — | Balance at the end of the year | | 390,737 | | 202,715 | | 32,914 |
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| Schedule of operating loss carryforwards |
| | | Year ending December 31, | | Amount | | | US$ | 2026 | | 43,523 | 2027 | | 151,292 | 2028 | | 275,898 | Total | | 470,713 |
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