
	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2024								2023
(dollars in thousands)	Direct		Assumed		Ceded		Net Premiums		Direct		Assumed		Ceded		Net Premiums
Underwriting:
Written	$	2,107,467	$	668,699	$	(543,956)	$	2,232,210	$	1,969,363	$	688,895	$	(440,029)	$	2,218,229
Earned	$	2,198,238	$	392,942	$	(463,380)	$	2,127,800	$	1,971,876	$	398,719	$	(402,440)	$	1,968,155
Program services and other fronting:
Written	744,958		419,275		(1,164,406)		(173)		573,211		204,543		(778,205)		(451)
Earned	703,682		123,271		(827,126)		(173)		641,113		74,717		(716,281)		(451)
Consolidated:
Written	$	2,852,425	$	1,087,974	$	(1,708,362)	$	2,232,037	$	2,542,574	$	893,438	$	(1,218,234)	$	2,217,778
Earned	$	2,901,920	$	516,213	$	(1,290,506)	$	2,127,627	$	2,612,989	$	473,436	$	(1,118,721)	$	1,967,704

Substantially all of the premiums written and earned in the Company's program services and other fronting operations for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023 were ceded. The percentage of consolidated ceded earned premiums to gross earned premiums was 38% and 36% for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. The percentage of consolidated assumed earned premiums to net earned premiums was 24% for both the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023.

Substantially all of the incurred losses and loss adjustment expenses in the Company's program services and other fronting operations were ceded. These gross losses totaled $603.7 million and $496.6 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

The following table summarizes the effect of reinsurance and retrocessional reinsurance on losses and loss adjustment expenses in the Company's underwriting operations.


	Three Months Ended March 31,
(dollars in thousands)		2024		2023
Gross losses and loss adjustment expenses		$	1,693,847	$	1,392,348
Ceded losses and loss adjustment expenses		(406,167)		(219,255)
Net losses and loss adjustment expenses		$	1,287,680	$	1,173,093