For the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, we recognized $13.0 million, $45.4 million and $6.2 million, respectively, of restructuring costs related to our initiative to better leverage our fixed cost base through growth and cost reduction measures. The cumulative expense incurred as of December 31, 2024 was $64.7 million.

As of December 31, 2024, we have recorded the following activity associated with our optimization initiative:


	Beginning Reserve at December 31, 2023		Net Charges for the Year Ended December 31, 2024		Cash Paid		Interest and FX Impact		Ending Reserve at December 31, 2024
Employee severance	$	27,078	$	6,562	$	(23,791)	$	(688)	$	9,161
Professional fees and other costs	2,810		6,457		(8,559)		88		796
Totals	$	29,888	$	13,019	$	(32,350)	$	(600)	$	9,957

As of December 31, 2023, we recorded the following activity associated with our optimization initiative:


	Beginning Reserve at December 31, 2022		Net Charges for the Year Ended December 31, 2023		Cash Paid		Interest and FX Impact		Ending Reserve at December 31, 2023
Employee severance	$	4,993	$	37,167	$	(12,608)	$	(2,474)	$	27,078
Professional fees and other costs	—		8,278		(5,486)		18		2,810
Totals	$	4,993	$	45,445	$	(18,094)	$	(2,456)	$	29,888