The following table details the changes in the carrying amount of goodwill:


	Engine Products		Fastening Systems		Engineered Structures		Forged Wheels		Total
Balances at December 31, 2022
Goodwill	$	2,830	$	1,595	$	306	$	7	$	4,738
Accumulated impairment losses	(719)		(4)		(2)		—		(725)
Goodwill, net	2,111		1,591		304		7		4,013

Translation and other	13		9		—		—		22


Balances at December 31, 2023
Goodwill	2,843		1,604		306		7		4,760
Accumulated impairment losses	(719)		(4)		(2)		—		(725)
Goodwill, net	2,124		1,600		304		7		4,035


Translation and other	(17)		(7)		(1)		—		(25)

Balances at December 31, 2024
Goodwill	2,826		1,597		305		7		4,735
Accumulated impairment losses	(719)		(4)		(2)		—		(725)
Goodwill, net	$	2,107	$	1,593	$	303	$	7	$	4,010

During the 2024 annual review of goodwill in the fourth quarter, management performed quantitative assessments on the Engine Products and Engineered Structures reporting units and qualitative assessments on the Fastening Systems and Forged Wheels reporting units. The estimated fair values of the reporting units exceeded their respective carrying values in excess of 60%; thus, there were no goodwill impairments. Howmet uses a DCF model to estimate the current fair value of the reporting unit, which is compared to its carrying value, when testing for impairment. Management believes forecasted cash flows are the best indicator of such fair value. A number of significant assumptions and estimates are involved in the application of the DCF model to forecast operating cash flows, including sales growth, production costs, and discount rate. Assumptions can vary among the reporting units. Cash flow forecasts are generally based on approved business unit operating plans for the early years and historical relationships in later years. The WACC rate for the individual reporting units is estimated with the assistance of valuation experts. The annual goodwill impairment tests in the fourth quarters of 2024, 2023, and 2022 indicated that goodwill was not impaired for any of the Company’s reporting units. If actual results or external market factors decline significantly from management’s estimates, future goodwill impairment charges (or the amount by which the carrying amount exceeds the reporting unit’s fair value without exceeding the total amount of goodwill allocated to that reporting unit) may be necessary and could be material.

Other intangible assets were as follows:


December 31, 2024	Gross carrying amount		Accumulated amortization		Intangibles, net
Computer software	$	217	$	(185)	$	32
Patents and licenses	66		(66)		—
Other intangibles	689		(268)		421
Total amortizable intangible assets	972		(519)		453
Indefinite-lived trade names and trademarks	22		—		22
Total intangible assets, net	$	994	$	(519)	$	475


December 31, 2023	Gross carrying amount		Accumulated amortization		Intangibles, net
Computer software	$	217	$	(182)	$	35
Patents and licenses	67		(66)		1
Other intangibles	683		(246)		437
Total amortizable intangible assets	967		(494)		473
Indefinite-lived trade names and trademarks	32		—		32
Total intangible assets, net	$	999	$	(494)	$	505

Amortization expense related to the intangible assets recorded in Provision for depreciation and amortization in the Statement of Consolidated Operations was $33, $35, and $36 for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022, respectively, and is expected to be in the range of approximately $30 to $36 annually from 2025 to 2029.