Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Policies)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2024

Principles of Consolidation and Basis of Presentation

The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Tempus AI, Inc. and its wholly owned subsidiaries. All intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. The consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes were prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”) and include the assets, liabilities, revenue and expenses of all wholly owned subsidiaries. Investments in unconsolidated entities in which the Company does not have a controlling financial interest, but has the ability to exercise significant influence, are accounted for under the equity method of accounting. Investments in unconsolidated entities in which the Company is not able to exercise significant influence are accounted for under the cost method of accounting.

The Company believes that its existing cash and cash equivalents and marketable equity securities at December 31, 2024 will be sufficient to allow the Company to fund its current operating plan through at least a period of one year from the date of issuance. As the Company continues to incur losses, its transition to profitability is dependent upon a level of revenues adequate to support the Company’s cost structure. Future capital requirements will depend on many factors, including the timing and extent of spending on research and development activities and growth related expenditures.

Reclassification

Certain prior year amounts have been reclassified for consistency with the current year presentation.

Emerging Growth Company

The Company is an “emerging growth company” as defined in Section 2(a) of the Securities Act, as modified by the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act of 2012 (the “JOBS Act”), and it may take advantage of certain exemptions from various reporting requirements that are applicable to other public companies that are not emerging growth companies including, but not limited to, not being required to comply with the auditor attestation requirements of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, reduced disclosure obligations regarding executive compensation in its periodic reports and proxy statements, and exemptions from the requirements of holding a nonbinding advisory vote on executive compensation and stockholder approval of any golden parachute payments not previously approved.

Further, Section 102(b)(1) of the JOBS Act exempts emerging growth companies from being required to comply with new or revised financial accounting standards until private companies (that is, those that have not had a Securities Act registration statement declared effective or do not have a class of securities registered under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended) are required to comply with the new or revised financial accounting standards. The JOBS Act provides that a company can elect to opt out of the extended transition period and comply with the requirements that apply to non-emerging growth companies but any such election to opt out is irrevocable. The Company has elected not to opt out of such extended transition period which means that when a standard is issued or revised and it has different application dates for public or private companies, the Company, as an emerging growth company, can adopt the new or revised standard at the time private companies adopt the new or revised standard. This may make comparison of the Company’s consolidated financial statements with another public company which is neither an emerging growth company nor an emerging growth company which has opted out of using the extended transition period difficult or impossible because of the potential differences in accounting standards used.

Use of Estimates

The preparation of the consolidated financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts and classifications of assets and liabilities, revenue and expenses, and the related disclosures of contingent assets and liabilities in the consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes. The most significant estimates are related to revenue, accounts receivable, stock-based compensation, operating lease liabilities, and the useful lives of property, equipment and intangible assets. Actual results could differ from those estimates.

Cash, Cash Equivalents and Restricted Cash

The Company considers all highly-liquid investments with an original maturity of three months or less from the date of purchase to be cash equivalents. Restricted cash primarily represents amounts that the Company is unable to access for operational purposes pursuant to a letter of credit with a financial institution in connection with an equipment lease. The Company had $0.9 million and $0.8 million of restricted cash as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

Accounts Receivable and Allowances

Accounts receivable primarily represents the net cash due from the Company’s customers, including payors, pharmaceutical companies, and research institutions. Payments of accounts receivable are allocated to the specific invoices identified on the remittance advice. Accounts receivables are reported at their gross outstanding balance reduced by an allowance for doubtful accounts and contractual allowance. The allowance for doubtful accounts is based on the age of an invoice, historical payment trends, as well as forward looking data and current economic trends. The Company had an allowance for doubtful accounts of $1.1 million as of both December 31, 2024 and 2023.

Concentration of Credit Risk

Financial instruments that potentially expose the Company to concentrations of credit risk are primarily cash, cash equivalents, restricted cash and accounts receivable. The Company maintains cash balances that may exceed the insured limits by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation. The Company has not experienced any losses on its deposits of cash.

The Company has credit risk regarding trade accounts receivable as the Company generally does not require collateral, and a limited number of customers have accounted for a large part of the Company’s revenue and accounts receivable to date.Allowances are maintained for potential credit losses.

There were no customers that represented a significant portion of the Company's revenues for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively. One customer accounted for approximately $11.2 million or 11.9%, of accounts receivable as of December 31, 2023. The amount due from this customer was not material as of December 31, 2024.

Inventories

Inventories, consisting of supplies and consumables used in the lab, are accounted for using the first-in, first-out method of accounting and are valued at the lower of cost or net realizable value. The Company periodically reviews inventory for excess or obsolescence and writes-down obsolete or otherwise un-usable inventory to its estimated net realizable value. Amounts written-down due to obsolete inventory are charged to cost of revenues. As of December 31, 2024, the Company had approximately $36.9 million of inventory and $1.5 million of inventory in process in the labs. As of December 31, 2023, the Company had approximately $27.3 million of inventory and $1.5 million of inventory in process in the labs.

The Company relies on a sole supplier for certain laboratory materials and equipment. Purchases from this supplier accounted for approximately 39%, 33% and 35% of total vendor payments for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Amounts due to this vendor approximated $18.2 million and $11.8 million at December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

Prepaid expenses and Other Current Assets

Prepaid assets are recorded when paid and consistent primarily of prepayments for insurance, medical, software subscriptions, and cloud storage service. Prepaid expenses are amortized into expense over the related service period. Other current assets included in this line are primarily related to the short-term portion of the Company’s warrant asset and other receivables. Prepaid expenses and other current assets totaled $26.1 million and $17.3 million at December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

Marketable Equity Securities

The Company holds marketable equity securities, all of which are publicly traded shares of common stock, which have quoted prices in active markets and are classified as short-term. The Company’s investment in marketable equity securities does not give the Company the ability to control or exercise significant influence over the investee. Marketable equity securities are recorded at fair value. The Company’s marketable equity securities totaled $107.3 million and $31.8 million as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. See Note 15, "Fair Value Measurements and Marketable Equity Securities" for further information. Changes in fair value are recorded in earnings within Other income (expense), net on the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss.

Long-Lived Assets

Property and Equipment and Intangibles

Property and equipment are stated at cost and assets under finance leases are stated at the lesser of the present value of minimum lease payments or their fair market value. Depreciation is recognized using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the related assets. Generally, the useful lives are three years for equipment and seven years for furniture and fixtures. Leasehold improvements are amortized on a straight-line basis over the lesser of the term of the lease or the estimated useful life of the asset. Intangibles, other than indefinite-lived intangibles, are amortized using the straight-line method, which approximates the pattern of usage, over their economic life, generally five to seven years. Assets to be disposed of, if any, are separately presented in the consolidated balance sheet and reported at the lower of the carrying amount or fair value, less costs to sell, and are no longer depreciated. See Note 4, “Balance Sheet Components” for additional information about these assets.

Impairment of Long-Lived Assets

The Company evaluates long-lived assets, including property and equipment, and intangible assets for impairment whenever events or changes in business circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of the asset may not be fully recoverable. Recoverability is measured by a comparison of the carrying amount to the net undiscounted cash flows expected to be generated by the asset group. If such assets are impaired, the impairment to be recognized is measured by the amount by which the carrying amount of a long-lived asset exceeds its fair value. Any loss would be recognized in loss from operations in the period in which the determination is made. The Company recognized an impairment charge related to long-lived assets during the year ended December 31, 2023. See Note 5, “Goodwill and Intangibles” for additional information. There were no impairment charges recognized related to long-lived assets during the years ended December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2022.

Goodwill

Goodwill consists of the excess purchase price over the fair value of net assets acquired in business combinations. The Company conducts a test for the impairment of goodwill on at least an annual basis as of October 1st or sooner if indicators of impairment arise. The Company first assesses qualitative factors to determine whether it is more likely than not that goodwill is impaired. As part of the qualitative assessment, the Company evaluates factors including macroeconomic conditions, industry and market considerations, cost factors and overall financial performance of its single reporting unit.

If the Company concludes that it is more-likely-than-not that its single reporting unit is impaired or if the Company elects not to perform the optional qualitative assessment, a quantitative assessment is performed.For the quantitative assessment, the fair value of the Company’s reporting unit is compared with the carrying amount of net assets, including goodwill, related to the reporting unit. The Company recognizes an impairment charge for the amount, if any, by which the carrying amount of a reporting unit exceeds the fair value of the reporting unit. The Company recorded no impairment loss during the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022.

Equity Method Investments

The Company uses the equity method to account for investments in which it has the ability to exercise significant influence over the investee's operating and financial policies. The Company follows the guidance in ASC 323, Investments—Equity Method and Joint Ventures, which prescribes the use of the equity method for investments in joint ventures where the Company has significant influence. The Company records the initial investment at cost and is subsequently adjusted by the Company's share, based on percentage ownership, of the investee's net income or loss after the date of investment. For the Company's foreign-based equity method investment, the proportionate share of the investee's income is translated into USD at the average exchange rate for the period and the investment is translated using the exchange rate as of the end of the reporting period. The unrealized gains and losses associated with the foreign currency translation of the investment are deferred in accumulated other comprehensive income on the Company's consolidated balance sheets.

Variable Interest Entities

A variable interest entity (“VIE”) is an entity that (i) has insufficient equity to permit the entity to finance its activities without additional subordinated financial support, (ii) has equity investors who lack the characteristics of a controlling financial interest, or (iii) the entity is established with non-substantive voting rights (i.e., the entity deprives the majority economic interest holder(s) of voting rights). Under ASC 810, Consolidation, an entity that holds a variable interest in a VIE and meets certain requirements would be considered to be the primary beneficiary of the VIE and required to consolidate the VIE in its consolidated financial statements. In order to be considered the primary beneficiary of a VIE, an entity must hold a variable interest in the VIE and have both:

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the power to direct the activities that most significantly impact the economic performance of the VIE; and

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the right to receive benefits from, or the obligation to absorb losses of, the VIE that could be potentially significant to the VIE.

If the Company is not the primary beneficiary in a VIE, it accounts for the investment or other variable interests in a VIE in accordance with applicable GAAP. Periodically, the Company assesses whether any changes in its interest or relationship with the entity affects its determination of whether the entity is a VIE and, if so, whether it is the primary beneficiary.

Term Loan

The Company’s outstanding term loan (see Note 12) is accounted for in accordance with ASC 470. The original issue discount and deferred financing fees are amortized into interest expense within the consolidated statements of operations using the straight-line method over the term of the underlying debt, and unamortized amounts are presented net of the principal balance within long-term debt in the consolidated balance sheets.

Convertible Note

The Company’s outstanding promissory note (see Note 12) is accounted for in accordance with ASC 470. The Company determined the embedded conversion options, redemption features,and acceleration of repayment upon default are not required to be separately accounted for as derivatives under ASC 815 because they were either determined to be clearly and closely related to the host instrument or the Company has concluded that no value would be associated with the related feature based on the circumstances associated with the note's issuance.

Leases

The Company determines whether an arrangement is or contains a lease at inception, and all significant lease arrangements are recognized at lease commencement. The majority of the Company’s leases are operating leases and are included in operating lease right-of-use assets, operating lease liabilities, and operating lease liabilities, less current portion

on the consolidated balance sheets. Finance leases are included in finance lease right-of-use, or ROU, assets, finance lease liabilities, and finance lease liabilities, less current portion on the consolidated balance sheets.

ROU assets represent the Company’s right to use an underlying asset for the lease term, and lease liabilities represent the Company’s obligation to make lease payments arising from the lease. Operating and finance lease ROU assets and operating and finance lease liabilities are recognized at commencement based on the present value of fixed payments not yet paid over the remaining lease term discounted using the Company’s incremental borrowing rate. ROU assets also include any lease payments made at or before the lease commencement date, less lease incentives received and deferred rent. As the Company’s leases do not provide an implicit rate, the incremental borrowing rate used is estimated based on what the Company would have to pay on a collateralized basis over a similar term as the lease.

The Company has lease arrangements with lease and non-lease components. The Company elected the practical expedient not to separate non-lease components from lease components for the Company’s facility leases. Variable lease payments are presented as rent expense in the period in which they are incurred and consist primarily of our proportionate share of operating expenses, utilities, property taxes, insurance, common area maintenance and other facility-related expenses. The Company also elected to apply the short-term lease measurement and recognition exemption in which ROU assets and lease liabilities are not recognized for leases with terms of twelve months or less, and lease expense is recognized on a straight-line basis over the term of the short-term lease. The Company records rent expense in its consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss on a straight-line basis over the term of the lease and records variable lease payments as incurred. The Company’s lease terms may include options to extend or terminate the lease, which the Company includes in calculating the operating lease liabilities if it is reasonably certain that the Company will exercise the option. As of December 31, 2024, the Company’s lease liabilities did not include any options to extend or terminate any of its leases.

Revenue Recognition

The Company derives revenue from selling lab services (“Genomics”) to physicians, academic research institutions, and other parties. The Company also derives revenue from the commercialization of data generated in the lab (“Data and services”) through the licensing of de-identified datasets to third parties and by providing clinical trial support, such as matching patients to clinical trials enrolled in its clinical trial network, and related services. The majority of the Company’s revenue is generated in North America.

The Company accounts for revenue in accordance with Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) ASC 606 Revenue from Contracts with Customers (“ASC 606”). The Company commences revenue recognition when control of these products is transferred to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration the Company expects to be entitled to in exchange for such products. This principle is achieved by applying the five-step approach: (i) the Company accounts for a contract when it has approval and commitment from both parties, (ii) the rights of the parties are identified, (iii) payment terms are identified, (iv) the contract has commercial substance and (v) collectability of consideration is probable. Revenues and any contract assets are not recognized until such time that the required conditions are met.

Disaggregation of Revenue

The Company provides disaggregation of revenue based on Genomics and Data and services on the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss, as it believes these best depict how the nature, amount, timing and uncertainty of revenue and cash flows are affected by economic factors.

Genomics

The Company generally recognizes revenue for its Genomics product offering when it has met its performance obligation relating to an order. The Company has determined its sole performance obligation to be the delivery of the testing results to the ordering party. The Company receives payments from Medicare, Medicaid, and commercial insurance for clinical orders and directly from research institutions, pharmaceutical companies or other third parties for direct bill orders. The Company recognized Genomics revenue of $451.7 million, $363.0 million and $198.0 million for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

For clinical orders from Medicare, Medicaid, and commercial insurance, the Company determines transaction price by reducing the standard charge by the estimated effects of any variable consideration, such as contractual allowance and implicit price concessions. The Company estimates the contractual allowances and implicit price concessions based on historical collections in relation to established rates, as well as known current or anticipated reimbursement trends not reflected in the historical data. Estimates are inclusive of the consideration to which the Company will be entitled at an

amount for which it is probable that a reversal of cumulative consideration will not occur. The Company monitors the estimated amount to be collected at each reporting period based on actual cash collections in order to assess whether a revision to the estimate is required. During the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company recognized $12.2 million from cash collections in excess of revenue recognized in prior years, primarily as a result of achieving a higher success rate on appeals than estimated. During the year ended December 31, 2024, the amount recognized from cash collections in excess of revenue recognized in prior years was not material. Payment is typically due after the claim has been processed by the payer, generally 30-120 days from date of service. While management believes that the estimates are accurate, actual results could differ and the potential impact on the financial statements could be significant. The Company recognized revenue for clinical orders of $409.4 million, $328.4 million and $157.2 million for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

For direct bill orders from research institutions, pharmaceutical companies, or other third parties, the Company determines the transaction prices based on established contractual rates with the customer, net of any applicable discounts. Payment is typically due between 30 and 60 days following the date of invoice. The Company recognized Genomics revenue for direct bill orders of $42.3 million, $34.6 million and $40.8 million for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

Data and services

Data and services revenue primarily represents data licensing and clinical trial services that the Company provides to pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies. The Company’s arrangements with these customers often have terms that span multiple years. However, these contracts generally also include customer opt-in or early termination clauses after twelve months without contractual penalty. The customer’s option to renew is generally not viewed as a material right, and as a result, the Company’s contract period for these agreements is generally considered less than one year. The Company determines the transaction price based on established contractual rates with the customer, net of any applicable discounts. The Company recognizes revenue for its Data and services product offering when it has met its performance obligation under the terms of the agreement with the customer. The Company’s two product offerings are as follows:

Insights

The Company’s Insights product consists primarily of licensing and analysis of de-identified records. Each Insights contract is unique and may include multiple promises, including the delivery of licensed de-identified records, including refreshes, analytical services or access to the Company’s enhanced Lens application. The Company evaluates each contract to determine which performance obligations are capable of being distinct and separately identifiable from other promises in the contract and, therefore, represent distinct performance obligations. The actual timing of data deliveries can be based on a variety of factors, including, but not limited to, the customer’s requirement and/or the Company’s technological, operational, and human capital capacity; in addition, management assesses relevant contractual terms in contracts with customers and applies significant judgment in identifying and accounting for all terms and conditions in certain contracts. The transaction price is allocated to the distinct performance obligations and revenue is recognized once the performance obligation has been fulfilled. The standalone selling prices are based on the Company’s normal pricing practices when sold separately with consideration of market conditions and other factors, including customer demographics.

The Company has determined that the delivery of de-identified records and, when applicable, analytical services, and access to its enhanced Lens application are separate and distinct performance obligations. The primary Insights contract types are as follows:

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Data licensing on a one-time or limited duration basis – Customer licenses a specific dataset of records, and the Company accounts for individual licensed data records as a right to use license. Revenue is typically recognized upon delivery of the data to the customer, as the Company’s obligations for an individual record is complete once the data has been delivered, and the customer is able to benefit from the provision of data as it is received.

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Multi-year data subscriptions – Customer licenses an interchangeable maximum number of de-identified records, and the Company accounts for the service as a right to access license and one performance obligation. Revenue is recognized as access to the dataset is provided, ratably over-time, with the measure of progress time-based.

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Analytical services and other services – Services typically involve data analysis and research performed on behalf of the customer by the Company. The resulting delivery of data, or a report addressing a series of questions and analytical results, is considered a single performance obligation. Revenue is generally recognized upon the delivery of these services, as defined by the contract.

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Enhanced Lens application subscription services – Customer licenses access to the Company’s enhanced Lens application under a software-as-a-service model. Customers do not have the right to take possession of the Lens platform application, and the online software product is fully functional once a customer has access. Lens subscription revenues are recognized ratably over the contract terms beginning on the date the Company’s service is made available to the customer. For the periods presented, revenue from Lens subscription services are not material.

The Company recognized revenue from Insights products of $186.8 million, $117.6 million and $88.4 million for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

Trials

The Company’s Trials product includes TIME clinical trial matching services and other clinical trial services.

TIME consists primarily of matching patients to clinical trial sponsors of a potential match. To the extent the contract requires, the Company may also assist in opening the clinical trial site and enrolling the patient in the clinical trial. The Company has determined that, depending on the type of agreement, the performance obligation of these contracts is the delivery of a notification or the enrollment of a patient in a clinical trial. As such, revenue is recognized upon one of the following: delivery of a notification to the physician alerting them to a clinical trial match, or once a patient is enrolled in a trial. Concurrently, the customer, which is the clinical trial sponsor, also receives notification from the Company to establish the performance obligations delivered or fulfilled for the billing period.

In addition to TIME, the Company provides other clinical trial services conducting or supporting studies. Tempus Compass LLC, a subsidiary of the Company, is a contract research organization, or CRO, which manages and executes early and late-stage clinical trials, primarily in oncology. Contracts for clinical trial services can take the form of fee-for-service or fixed-price contracts. Fee-for-service contracts are typically priced based on time and materials, and revenue is recognized based on hours and materials used as the services are provided. Fixed-price contracts generally represent a single performance obligation and are recognized over-time using a cost-based input method. Progress on the performance obligation is measured by the proportion of actual costs incurred to the total costs expected to complete the contract. This cost-based method of revenue recognition requires the Company to make estimates of costs to complete its projects on an ongoing basis. Contract costs principally include direct labor and reimbursable out-of-pocket costs.

The Company recognized revenue from Trials products of $42.4 million, $45.6 million and $31.2 million for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

For Insights and Trials arrangements, pricing is fixed and the Company may be compensated through a combination of an upfront payment and performance-based, non-refundable payments due upon completion of the stated performance obligation(s). Payment is generally due 60 to 90 days after the date of service. The Company has no significant obligations for refunds, warranties, or similar obligations for Data and services product offerings. The Company has elected the practical expedient, which allows the Company to not disclose remaining performance obligations for contracts with original terms of twelve months or less. Cancelable contracted revenue is not considered a remaining performance obligation. The Company recognized Data and services revenue from pharmaceutical companies, non-for-profits, and researchers of $241.6 million, $168.8 million and $122.7 million for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

Multi-year Contract Performance Obligations

The Company has limited multi-year contracts that do not contain early termination or customer opt-in clauses. These contracts contained defined, noncancelable performance obligations that will be fulfilled in future years. The Company’s remaining performance obligations related to multi-year contracts was $202.8 million as of December 31, 2024, of which the Company expects to recognize approximately 49% as revenue over the next year, and the remaining 36% and 15% of its remaining performance obligations as revenue in years two and three, respectively.

Warrant Liability

The Company issued a warrant to its customer AstraZeneca in conjunction with the signing of a November 2021 MSA. The warrant to purchase up to $100 million in shares of the Company’s Class A common stock is a freestanding financial instrument classified as noncurrent liability on the Company’s consolidated balance sheets. Warrants are accounted for as liability-classified instruments based on an assessment of the warrant’s specific terms and applicable authoritative guidance in FASB ASC 480,Distinguishing Liabilities from Equity (“ASC 480”). The fair value of the warrant liability is measured each reporting period and any change in fair value of the warrant liability is recorded in Other income (expense), net within

the consolidated statements of operations. The warrant was automatically cancelled and terminated for no consideration as AstraZeneca declined to extend its financial commitment before December 31, 2024. As a result, the Company recognized a $76.9 million gain in Other income (expense), net related to write down the warrant liability to $0. See Note 15 for further information.

Warrant Asset

As consideration for the Company’s obligations to Personalis under a Commercialization and Reference Laboratory Agreement signed in November 2023, Personalis issued certain warrants to the Company to purchase up to an aggregate of 9,218,800 shares of Personalis’ common stock, up to 4,609,400 shares of which are exercisable for cash at any time prior to December 31, 2024 at an exercise price of $1.50 per share, and up to 4,609,400 shares of which are exercisable for cash at any time prior to December 31, 2025 at an exercise price of $2.50 per share. In August 2024, the Company exercised the warrants in full at their respective exercise prices for an aggregate of 9,218,800 shares of Personalis common stock at an aggregate purchase price of $18.4 million. See Note 15 for further information. The fair value of the warrant asset is measured each reporting period, and any change in fair value is recorded in Other income (expense), net within the consolidated statements of operations.

Contract Assets

Timing of revenue recognition may differ from the timing of invoicing to customers. Certain performance obligations may require payment before delivery of the service to the customer. The Company recognizes contract assets when the Company has an unconditional right to payment, and when revenues earned on a contract exceeds the billings. Contract assets are presented under accounts receivable, net. Accounts receivable as of December 31, 2024 and 2023 included contract assets of $4.1 million and $2.4 million, respectively.

During the fourth quarter of 2021, and in conjunction with the signing of a November 2021 Master Services Agreement (“the MSA”) with customer AstraZeneca AB (“AstraZeneca”), the Company recognized a contract asset for consideration payable concurrent with the issuance of the common stock warrant in accordance with ASC 606. The contract asset was initially measured equal to the initial fair value of the warrant liability based on the authoritative guidance under FASB ASC 718 Compensation—Stock Compensation. As revenue is recognized over the period of the contractual commitment of the MSA, the associated contract asset amortization is recorded as reduction of revenue. At each reporting period, the short-term portion of the warrant asset is adjusted based on the financial commitment and reclassified to Prepaid expenses and other current assets. The warrant was terminated for no consideration on December 31, 2024. In accordance with ASC 606, the Company recognized $16.3 million in Data and services revenue to reverse historical warrant contract asset amortization, of which $11.5 million was recorded as contra revenue in prior periods. Additionally, the Company recognized expense of $37.8 million in Other income (expense), net to reverse the warrant contract asset balance as of December 31, 2024.

The following summarizes the warrant contract asset presentation as of December 31, 2024 and 2023 (in thousands):


	December 31, 2024		December 31, 2023
Prepaid expenses and other current assets	$	—	$	4,843
Warrant contract asset, less current portion		—		21,499
Total warrant contract asset	$	—	$	26,342

In November 2023, the Company entered into a Commercialization and Reference Laboratory Agreement with Personalis, Inc. (“Personalis”), which was subsequently amended in August 2024 and November 2024. The Company will pay up to $12.0 million to Personalis over three years as certain milestones are met, $9.0 million of which has been paid as of December 31, 2024. These payments are treated as contract assets and amortized into revenue over the life of the contract. Contract asset balances are offset by deferred revenue generated from receipt of warrants for Personalis common stock (see Note 15). As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, there was $3.0 million and $0.1 million, respectively, of net contract assets related to this agreement recorded in Prepaid expenses and other current assets, respectively.

Deferred Revenue

Deferred revenue consists of billings or cash received for services in advance of revenue recognition and is recognized as revenue when all the Company’s revenue recognition criteria are met. The deferred revenue balance is influenced primarily by upfront contractual payments from the Company’s Data and Services product offerings and timing of delivery of the Company’s de-identified licensed data and clinical test results. The portion of deferred revenue that is anticipated to be

recognized as revenue during the succeeding twelve-month period is recorded as deferred revenue, current and any remaining portion is recorded as deferred revenue, non-current. The Company recognized $69.5 million, $43.5 million and $13.8 million during the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively, that was included in the corresponding deferred revenue balance at the beginning of the periods.

Cost of Revenue, Genomics

Cost of revenue for Genomics consists of personnel lab expenses, including salaries, bonuses, employee benefits, amortization of intangible assets, cost of laboratory supplies and consumables, depreciation of laboratory equipment, shipping costs, third-party laboratory costs, and certain allocated overhead expenses. Costs associated with performing the Company’s tests are recorded as the tests are processed regardless of whether revenue was recognized with respect to that test.

Cost of Revenue, Data and services

Cost of revenue for Data and services includes data acquisition and royalty fees, and personnel costs related to our delivery of our data services and platform, and certain allocated overhead expenses. Costs associated with performing data services are recorded as incurred.

Research and Development

Research and development expenses include costs incurred to develop new assays and algorithms, and include salaries and benefits, amortization of intangible assets, inventory costs, overhead costs, validation costs, contract services and other related costs. Research and development costs are expensed as incurred.

Technology Research and Development / Research and Development

Technology Research and Development

Technology research and development expense primarily includes personnel costs incurred related to the research and development of the Company’s technology platform and applications and the research and development of new products which the Company hopes to bring to the market. Technology research and development costs are expensed as incurred.

Research and Development

401(k) Plan

The Company has a 401(k) tax deferred savings plan under which eligible employees may elect to have a portion of their salary deferred and contributed to the plan. Employer matching contributions are determined by the Company and are discretionary. During the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, the Company did not match any employee contributions.

Income Taxes

Income taxes are provided for the tax effects of transactions reported in the consolidated financial statements and consist of taxes currently due plus deferred taxes. Deferred taxes are recognized based on differences between the basis of assets and liabilities for financial reporting and income tax purposes and are measured using enacted rates. The differences relate primarily to timing of deductibility of certain expenses and the estimated future effects of net operating loss carryforwards. Deferred tax assets and liabilities represent the future tax consequences of those differences, which will either be taxable or deductible when the assets and liabilities are recovered or settled. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are adjusted for the effects of changes in tax laws and rates on the date of enactment.

Companies are required to assess whether a valuation allowance should be recorded against their deferred tax assets (“DTAs”) based on the consideration of all available evidence, using a “more likely than not” realization standard. The four sources of taxable income that must be considered in determining whether DTAs will be realized are, (1) future reversals of existing taxable temporary differences (i.e., offset of gross deferred tax assets against gross deferred tax liabilities); (2) taxable income in prior carryback years, if carryback is permitted under the tax law; (3) tax planning strategies and (4) future taxable income exclusive of reversing temporary differences and carry forwards.

In assessing whether a valuation allowance is required, significant weight is given to evidence that can be objectively verified. The Company has evaluated its DTAs in each reporting period, including an assessment of its cumulative income or loss, to determine if a valuation allowance was required. After a review of the four sources of taxable income described above, the Company established a valuation allowance against the Company’s net deferred tax assets due to uncertainty surrounding the Company’s ability to generate future taxable income to realize these assets.

As of December 31, 2024, the Company had tax effected federal and state net operating loss (“NOL”) carryforward of approximately $257.0 million and $51.7 million, respectively, which may be available to offset future taxable income. The NOLs will begin to expire in 2037.

The Company evaluates tax positions under an approach for recognition and measurement of uncertain tax positions. The Company recognizes tax liabilities when the Company believes that certain positions may not be fully sustained upon review by tax authorities. Benefits from tax positions are measured at the largest amount of benefit that is more likely than not of being realized upon settlement. To the extent that the final tax outcome of these matters is different than the amounts recorded, such differences impact income tax expense in the period in which such determination is made. Interest and penalties, if any, related to accrue liabilities for potential tax assessments are included in income tax expense.

The Company has concluded that as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, there are no uncertain positions taken or expected to be taken that would require recognition of a liability in the financial statements.

The Company is subject to routine audits by taxing jurisdictions. As of December 31, 2024, the Company was not under audit in any jurisdiction.

Net Loss Per Share Attributable to Common Stockholders

Basic and diluted net loss per share attributable to common stockholders is presented in conformity with the two-class method required for participating securities. The Company considers all series of its redeemable convertible preferred stock to be participating securities. Prior to the IPO, under the two-class method, the net loss attributable to common stockholders was not allocated to the redeemable convertible preferred stock as the holders of its redeemable convertible preferred stock did not have a contractual obligation to share in the Company’s losses. Upon IPO, the Company’s redeemable convertible preferred stock converted to either Class A or Class B common stock and therefore will be included in allocation of net loss attributable to common stockholders as they will share in the Company’s losses. Net income is attributed to common stockholders and participating securities based on their participation rights. Basic net loss per share attributable to common stockholders is computed by dividing the net loss attributable to common stockholders by the weighted-average number of shares of common stock outstanding during the period. Diluted earnings per share attributable to common stockholders adjusts basic earnings per share for the potentially dilutive impact of stock options and redeemable convertible preferred stock. As the Company has reported losses for all periods presented, all potentially dilutive securities are antidilutive and accordingly, basic net loss per share equals diluted net loss per share.

Deferred Offering Costs

Deferred offering costs consist primarily of accounting, legal, and other fees related to the IPO. The Company had $7.1 million of deferred offering costs as of December 31, 2023. Prior to the IPO, deferred offering costs were capitalized on the consolidated balance sheets. Upon the consummation of the IPO, $12.3 million of deferred offering costs were reclassified into additional paid-in capital as an offset against IPO proceeds.

Stock-Based Compensation

Compensation expense relating to share-based payments is recognized in operations using a fair value measurement method. Under the fair value method, the estimated fair value of awards is charged to operations on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period, which is generally the vesting period. The Company recognizes forfeitures as they occur. See Note 11 for further information on stock-based compensation.

Fair Value Measurements

Fair value is defined under GAAP as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. Fair value is a market-based measurement that is determined based on assumptions that market participants would use in pricing an asset or a liability.

To increase the comparability of fair value measures, the following hierarchy prioritizes the inputs in valuation methodologies used to measure fair value:

Level 1—Measurements that reflect quoted prices (unadjusted) for identical assets or liabilities in active markets.

Level 2—Measurements that include other inputs that are directly or indirectly observable in the marketplace.

Level 3—Measurements derived from valuation techniques in which one or more significant inputs or significant value drivers are unobservable.

To the extent that valuation is based on models or inputs that are less observable or unobservable in the market, the determination of fair value requires more judgment. Accordingly, the degree of judgment exercised by the Company in determining fair value is greatest for instruments categorized in Level 3. A financial instrument’s level within the fair value hierarchy is based on the lowest level of any input that is significant to the fair value measurement. Fair value measurements are discussed further in Note 15.

It is the Company’s policy, in general, to measure nonfinancial assets and liabilities at fair value on a nonrecurring basis. These items are not measured at fair value on an ongoing basis but are subject to fair value adjustments in certain circumstances (such as evidence of impairment) which, if material, are disclosed in the accompanying notes to these consolidated financial statements.

Classification and Accretion of Convertible Preferred Stock

The Company’s Series A, B, B-1, B-2, C, D, E, F, G, G-2, G-3, G-4, and G-5 convertible preferred stock were classified outside of stockholders’ equity (deficit) because the holders of such shares have liquidation rights in the event of a deemed liquidation that, in certain situations, is not solely within the control of the Company.

Foreign Currency

Assets and liabilities of the Company’s foreign subsidiaries are translated into U.S. dollars (USD) using period-end exchange rates while revenues and expenses are translated at the average exchange rate for the period presented. Gains or losses from balance sheet translation are the only component of accumulated other comprehensive loss in the consolidated balance sheet.

Recently Adopted Accounting Standards / Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements Not Yet Adopted

Recently Adopted Accounting Standards

In November 2023, the FASB issued ASU No. 2023-07, Segment Reporting (Topic 280), which provides enhanced disclosures about significant segment expenses. The standard also enhances interim disclosure requirements and provides new segment disclosure requirements for entities with a single reportable segment. The Company adopted the year-end disclosure requirements as of December 31, 2024. The adoption of the standard did not have a material impact on the Company's financial statements.

Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements Not Yet Adopted

In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-09, “Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvement to Income Tax Disclosures.” ASU 2023-09 requires additional disclosures aimed at enhancing the transparency and decision usefulness of income tax disclosures. This ASU is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024. The Company does not expect this ASU to have a material impact on the Company's disclosures. The Company plans to adopt the guidance for the fiscal year ending December 31, 2025 on a prospective basis.

In November 2024, the FASB issued ASU 2024-03, “Income Statement—Reporting Comprehensive Income (Topic 220): Disaggregation of Income Statement Expenses.” ASU 2024-03 requires additional disclosures aimed at enhancing the transparency and decision usefulness of income statement expenses. This ASU is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2026 as well as interim periods beginning after December 15, 2027 and requires retrospective application to all prior periods presented in the financial statements. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of the guidance on the related disclosures.