21. Equity-Based Compensation

Our 2021 Incentive Award Plan (as amended, the “2021 Plan”) was approved and adopted in order to facilitate the grant of equity incentive awards to our employees, non-employee directors, and consultants. The 2021 Plan became effective in October 2021 upon consummation of the Merger Transaction, and the First Amendment to the 2021 Plan became effective on February 5, 2024.

RSUs

RSUs are denominated in a hypothetical equivalent number of shares of our Class A common stock. The value of each RSU is equal to the fair value of our Class A common stock on the grant date. Each RSU is settled in a share of our Class A common stock after vesting.

During the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022, we granted to certain employees 11.1 million, 2.6 million, and 1.7 million RSUs, respectively, at a weighted average grant date fair value of $5.30 per share, $7.18 per share, and $10.01 per share, respectively. RSUs granted to employees vest over three years, with one-third vesting on the first anniversary of the grant date and the remaining portion vesting on a quarterly basis thereafter, subject to the employee’s continued employment through the applicable vesting date.

During the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022, we granted to our directors 0.3 million, 0.1 million, and 0.1 million RSUs, respectively, at a weighted average grant date fair value of $5.24 per share, $7.68 per share, and $8.85 per share, respectively. RSUs granted to directors fully vest on the earlier of (i) one day prior to the date of our first annual meeting of stockholders following the grant date and (ii) the first anniversary of the grant date, subject to the director’s continued service on our Board through the applicable vesting date.

During each of the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022, we granted to certain consultants less than 0.1 million RSUs at a weighted average grant date fair value of $3.70 per share, $7.98 per share, and $8.94 per share,

respectively. RSUs granted to consultants either fully vest on the first anniversary of the grant date or in equal annual installments over three years, subject to the consultant’s continued service through the applicable vesting date.

Stock Options

Our stock options provide for the purchase of shares of our Class A common stock in the future at an exercise price set on the grant (or modification) date.

Our stock option awards vest over three years, with one-third vesting on the one-year anniversary of the grant date and the remaining options vesting on a quarterly basis thereafter. Stock options granted to employees have a contractual term of ten years from the grant date, subject to the employee’s continued service through the applicable vesting date. Stock options granted to consultants have a contractual term of seven years from the grant date, subject to the consultant’s continued service through the applicable vesting date.

2021 Stock Options

On October 19, 2021, we granted to certain employees 3.1 million stock options at an exercise price of $13.09 per share and 1.0 million stock options at an exercise price of $15.00 per share (collectively, the “2021 Stock Options”). The fair value of the 2021 Stock Options was estimated on the grant date using the Hull-White model.

Our Board declared a special dividend of $0.23 per share to holders of Class A common stock on October 18, 2021, which we paid on November 2, 2021. On November 2, 2021, the exercise price of the outstanding 2021 Stock Options with an exercise price of $13.09 per share was modified and reduced by $0.23 per share to $12.86 per share (the “2021 Stock Option Modification”). The amount recognized in compensation expense related to the 2021 Stock Option Modification during the year ended December 31, 2021 was immaterial.

2022 Stock Options

On March 11, 2022, we granted to certain employees 2.6 million stock options at an exercise price of $10.26 per share and a grant date fair value of $3.99 per option (the “March 2022 Stock Options”). The fair value of the March 2022 Stock Options was estimated on the grant date using the Black-Scholes model.

On November 11, 2022, we granted to certain employees 0.1 million stock options at an exercise price of $8.22 per share and a grant date fair value of $3.66 (the “November 2022 Stock Options” and, together with the March 2022 Stock Options, the “2022 Stock Options”). The fair value of the November 2022 Stock Options was estimated on the grant date using the Black-Scholes model.

2023 Stock Options

On March 10, 2023, we granted to certain employees 3.6 million stock options at an exercise price of $7.17 per share and a grant date fair value of $3.30 per option (the “March 2023 Stock Options”). The fair value of the March 2023 Stock Options was estimated on the grant date using the Black-Scholes model.

On June 14, 2023, we granted to certain consultants 0.9 million stock options, divided into three tranches of 0.2 million, 0.3 million, and 0.4 million options, at exercise prices of $7.98, $17.00 and $23.00 per share, respectively, and grant date fair values of $3.22, $1.87 and $1.44 per option, respectively (the “June 2023 Stock Options” and, together with the March 2023 Stock Options, the “2023 Stock Options”). The fair value of the June 2023 Stock Options was estimated on the grant date using the Hull-White model.

Stock Option Cancellation and Repricing

On December 7, 2023 (the “Effective Date”), (i) 894,840 of the 2021 Stock Options with an exercise price of $15.00 per share and 894,840 of the 2021 Stock Options with an exercise price of $12.86 per share were cancelled and (ii) the exercise price of the remaining 2021 Stock Options, as well as all outstanding 2022 Stock Options, was reduced to $6.76 per share, the closing price of the Class A common stock on the Effective Date, provided that if any of such stock options were exercised prior to the one-year anniversary of the Effective Date, the holder would be required to pay the original exercise price (the “Stock Option Cancellation and Repricing”). The Stock Option Cancellation and Repricing was treated as a modification of the affected stock options. The incremental fair value of the modification, which was calculated based on the difference between the fair value of each affected stock option immediately before and after the Stock Option Cancellation and Repricing using the Hull-White model, was less than $0.1 million. The cancelled 2021 Stock Options had a grant date fair value of $6.6 million, of which $3.0 million had not yet been recognized as of the Effective Date and will instead be recognized over the remaining requisite service period of the remaining 2021 Stock Options and March 2022 Stock Options.

The weighted-average grant date fair value for stock options outstanding during the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022 was $3.44, $2.88, and $3.82, respectively. The weighted-average grant date fair value for stock options forfeited during the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022 was $3.53, zero, and $3.83, respectively. The weighted-average grant-date fair value for stock options vested during the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022 was $3.58, $3.89, and $3.71, respectively. The weighted-average grant-date fair value for stock options cancelled was $3.68 during the year ended December 31, 2023.

Hoya Topco Profits Interests and Phantom Units

Prior to the Merger Transaction, certain members of management received equity-based compensation awards for profits interests in Hoya Topco in the form of incentive units, phantom units, Class D Units, and Class E Units. Each incentive unit vests ratably over five years and accelerates upon a change in control of Hoya Topco. We do not expect any future profits interests to be granted after the Merger Transaction. The fair value of the incentive units granted is estimated using the Black-Scholes model.

The Black-Scholes model requires certain subjective inputs and assumptions, including the fair value Hoya Topco’s equity, the expected term, risk-free interest rates, and expected equity volatility. The fair value of incentive units is recognized as equity-based compensation expense on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period. We account for forfeitures as they occur. Changes in assumptions made on expected term, the risk-free rate of interest, and expected volatility can materially impact the estimate of fair value and, ultimately, how much share-based compensation expense is recognized. The expected term is estimated based on the timing and probabilities until a major liquidity event. The risk-free interest rate is based on the U.S. Treasury yield curve in effect at the time of grant and corresponds to the expected term. The expected volatility is estimated on the date of grant based on the average historical stock price volatility of comparable publicly traded companies.

On June 10, 2024, the Board of Managers of Hoya Topco (the “Hoya Topco Board”) approved the redemption, repurchase and cancellation by Hoya Topco (using Hoya Topco’s funds) of all of its outstanding profits interests held by our current employees (including the Class B-1, Class D, and Class E Units discussed elsewhere in this Report). Accordingly, we recognized equity-based compensation expense related to the profits interests of $4.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2024.

On June 10, 2024, the Hoya Topco Board also approved the repurchase and cancellation by Hoya Topco (using Hoya Topco’s funds) of all of its outstanding phantom units held by our employees. The phantom units held service and performance conditions, requiring us to recognize a liability for the fair value of the outstanding phantom units only when we conclude it is probable that the performance conditions will be achieved. Accordingly, we recognized equity-based compensation expense related to the phantom units of $5.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2024. There was no equity-based compensation expense previously recognized related to the phantom units.

Hoya Topco had no outstanding profits interests or phantom units held by our current employees, and we had no unrecognized equity-based compensation expense related thereto, as of December 31, 2024.

A summary of the total activity for the Hoya Topco incentive units, Class D Units, and Class E Units during the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022 is as follows:

Compensation Expense

For the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022, equity-based compensation expense related to RSUs was $31.0 million, $14.3 million, and $8.4 million, respectively. Unrecognized compensation expense relating to unvested RSUs as of December 31, 2024 was approximately $51.3 million, which is expected to be recognized over a weighted average period of approximately one year.

For the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022, equity-based compensation expense related to stock options was $10.7 million, $10.2 million, and $6.2 million, respectively. Unrecognized compensation expense relating to unvested stock options as of December 31, 2024 was approximately $7.3 million, which is expected to be recognized over a weighted average period of approximately 0.5 years.

For the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022, equity-based compensation expense related to profits interests was $4.6 million, $3.5 million, and $4.5 million, respectively. There was no unrecognized compensation expense relating to profits interests as of December 31, 2024.

For the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022, equity-based compensation expense excludes $0.8 million, $0.4 million, and $0.1 million related to capitalized development costs.