Income tax (Tables)
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12 Months Ended |
Dec. 31, 2024 |
| Income tax |
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| Schedule of (loss) income before income tax expense and share of income (loss) in equity method investments |
| | | | | | | | | Year Ended December 31, | | | 2022 | | 2023 | | 2024 | | | RMB | | RMB | | RMB | PRC | | (7,480,164) | | (8,302,693) | | (5,397,006) | Netherlands | | — | | (107,145) | | (434,291) | Sweden | | 131,098 | | 119,064 | | 89,231 | Others | | 7,254 | | 1,854 | | 3,891 | Total | | (7,355,091) | | (8,288,920) | | (5,738,175) |
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| Schedule of reconciliations of differences between PRC statutory income tax rate and the Group's effective income tax rate |
| | | | | | | | | | Year Ended December 31, | | | | 2022 | | 2023 | | 2024 | | Statutory income tax rate | | 25.0 | % | 25.0 | % | 25.0 | % | Non-deductible expenses | | (0.8) | % | (0.3) | % | (1.3) | % | Additional tax deduction for qualified research and development expenses | | 0.9 | % | 1.7 | % | 5.0 | % | Non-taxable income | | — | % | 0.4 | % | 0.8 | % | Tax effect of preferential tax rate | | 0.8 | % | (0.3) | % | (11.1) | % | Effect of changes in tax rates | | — | % | — | % | (20.4) | % | Effect on tax rates in different tax jurisdiction | | 0.1 | % | (0.6) | % | 0.1 | % | Change in valuation allowance | | (27.8) | % | (27.2) | % | 0.7 | % | Others | | 0.1 | % | 0.5 | % | (1.9) | % | Income tax expense | | (1.7) | % | (0.8) | % | (3.1) | % |
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| Schedule of income tax expense (benefit) |
| | | | | | | | | Year Ended December 31, | | | 2022 | | 2023 | | 2024 | | | RMB | | RMB | | RMB | Current income tax expense | | 96,321 | | 103,865 | | 381,407 | Deferred income tax expense/(benefit) | | 30,947 | | (41,752) | | (204,655) | Total | | 127,268 | | 62,113 | | 176,752 |
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| Schedule of deferred tax assets and liabilities |
| | | | | | | As of December 31, | | | 2023 | | 2024 | | | RMB | | RMB | Deferred tax assets | | | | | Net operating loss carry-forwards | | 1,339,819 | | 1,657,491 | Development Expense | | 3,419,526 | | 2,876,708 | Accrued expenses | | 355,956 | | 520,494 | Inter-group unrealized profits | | 194,486 | | 227,014 | Depreciation and amortization | | 150,217 | | 371,642 | Others | | 6,415 | | 26,499 | Valuation allowance | | (5,380,024) | | (5,339,883) | Total deferred tax assets, net of valuation allowance | | 86,395 | | 339,965 | Deferred tax liabilities: | | | | | Disposal of an associate | | — | | 52,847 | Others | | 8,337 | | 4,405 | Total deferred tax liabilities | | 8,337 | | 57,252 | Net deferred tax assets | | 78,058 | | 282,713 | Analysis as: | | | | | Deferred tax assets | | 86,395 | | 339,965 | Deferred tax liabilities | | 8,337 | | 57,252 | Net deferred tax assets | | 78,058 | | 282,713 |
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| Schedule of aggregate amount and per share effect of tax holiday |
| | | | | | | | | Year Ended December 31, | | | 2022 | | 2023 | | 2024 | | | RMB | | RMB | | RMB | The aggregate effect | | (63,325) | | — | | (179,435) | Per share effect – basic and diluted | | (0.03) | | — | | (0.08) |
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| Schedule of movement of valuation allowance |
| | | | | | | | | Year ended December 31, | | | 2022 | | 2023 | | 2024 | | | RMB | | RMB | | RMB | Balance at beginning of the year | | 1,061,275 | | 3,151,394 | | 5,380,024 | Additions | | 2,090,119 | | 2,228,630 | | 1,226,423 | Reversals | | — | | — | | (1,266,564) | Balance at end of the year | | 3,151,394 | | 5,380,024 | | 5,339,883 |
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