18-K/A

The undersigned registrant hereby amends its Annual Report on Form 18-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023, as follows:

This report is intended to be incorporated by reference into KfW’s prospectus dated June 14, 2024 and any future prospectus filed by KfW with the Securities and Exchange Commission to the extent such prospectus states that it incorporates by reference this report.

On April 2, 2025, the euro foreign exchange reference rate as published by the European Central Bank was EUR 1.00 = U.S. dollar 1.0803 (EUR 0.9257 per U.S. dollar).

On April 2, 2025 it was announced that Executive Board member Katharina Herrmann has tendered her resignation from the Executive Board with effect from April 30, 2025. In addition to her own responsibilities as Executive Board member, Melanie Kehr will assume Ms. Herrmann’s functions on an interim basis with effect from May 1, 2025, pending the appointment of a successor for those functions. The Board of Supervisory Directors confirmed the transition on April 2, 2025.

The following economic information regarding the Federal Republic of Germany is derived from the public official documents cited below.

Germany’s gross domestic product (“GDP”) fell by 0.2% in the fourth quarter of 2024 compared with the third quarter of 2024 after adjusting for price, seasonal and calendar effects, with the full-year performance also down by 0.2% year-on-year.

In the fourth quarter of 2024, exports of goods and services decreased by 2.2% compared with the third quarter of 2024, which was the largest decline since the second quarter of 2020. Exports of goods in particular declined by 3.4% compared with the previous quarter. In contrast, imports of goods and services grew by 0.5%. This was caused by a 4.2% rise in imports of services, which was partly offset by a 1.0% decline in imports of goods.

Gross fixed capital formation in machinery and equipment decreased by 0.3%, marking the fifth consecutive quarterly decrease, while gross fixed capital formation in construction increased by 1.0%, in part owing to the mild weather conditions. Overall, gross fixed capital formation rose by 0.4% in the fourth quarter of 2024 compared with the third quarter of 2024.

Final consumption expenditure increased by 0.2% quarter-on-quarter, with government final consumption expenditure up by 0.4% compared to a 0.1% rise in household final consumption expenditure.

GDP in the fourth quarter of 2024 was down a price adjusted 0.4% compared with the fourth quarter of 2023. After price and calendar adjustment, however, GDP showed a decrease of 0.2% as there was one working day less than in the same period a year earlier.

Source: Federal Statistical Office, Gross domestic product: detailed results on economic performance in the fourth quarter of 2024, press release of February 25, 2025 (https://www.destatis.de/EN/Press/2025/02/PE25_069_811.html).

The inflation rate in Germany, measured as the year-on-year change in the consumer price index, amounted to 2.3% in February 2025, matching the rate observed in January 2025. Consumer prices rose by 0.4% from January to February 2025. In February 2025, the most important driver of inflation was the increase in food prices and service prices, which was partially offset by a decrease in energy prices.

Energy prices in February 2025 decreased by 1.6% compared to February 2024. In both January 2025 and December 2024, prices were already lower by 1.6% compared to a year earlier. In February 2025, motor fuels dropped by 0.7%, household energy by 2.2%, electricity by 3.0%, and solid fuels by 5.0%, while heating oil decreased by 6.9%. Conversely, natural gas and district heating were more expensive, increasing by 2.0% and 9.7% respectively.

Food price increases accelerated, rising by 2.4% year-on-year in February 2025 after a 0.8% increase in January. The increase in prices from February 2024 to February 2025 was driven in particular by an 11.9% jump in edible fats and oils (with butter up by 27.9%), along with rises in fruit (+4.0%), vegetables (+3.9%), and dairy products (+3.7%), while bread and cereals as well as meat and meat products saw only minor increases (+1.1% and +0.2%, respectively).

Excluding energy prices, the inflation rate was 2.7% in February 2025, with core inflation—excluding both food and energy prices—also standing at 2.7%.

Overall goods prices were up by 0.9% year-on-year. Non-durable consumer goods increased by 1.4%, whereas durable goods dropped by 0.1%. Aside from the rise in food prices by 2.4%, non-alcoholic beverages and tobacco products were significantly more expensive, up by 5.9% and 4.3% respectively, while prices for mobile phones and information processing equipment declined by 8.9% and 7.7%, respectively.

Service prices continued their upward trend, increasing by 3.8% year-on-year. Combined passenger transport services surged by 11.4%, social facility services by 10.4%, and insurance services by 9.4%, with notable gains also in in-patient health services (+6.5%), vehicle maintenance and repair (+5.6%), and catering services (+4.4%). Net rents (excluding heating expenses) rose by 2.1%, slightly below overall inflation, while telecommunications prices fell by 1.2%.

Sources: Federal Statistical Office, Short-term indicators: Price indices at a glance (consumer prices, retail prices, producer prices, selling prices in wholesale trade, import prices, export prices). Tables with values and rates of change (https://www.destatis.de/EN/Themes/Economy/Short-Term-Indicators/Prices/pre110.html); Federal Statistical Office, Inflation rate at +2.3% in February 2025, press release of March 14, 2025 (https://www.destatis.de/EN/Press/2025/03/PE25_093_611.html).

Approximately 45.6 million persons resident in Germany were in employment in February 2025. According to provisional calculations of the Federal Statistical Office, the seasonally adjusted number of persons in employment decreased slightly by 10,000 people (0.0%) from the previous month, following a slight decline of 9,000 in January 2025. Compared to February 2024, the number of employed persons in February 2025 declined by 57,000 (-0.1%). The year-on-year rate of change was also -0.1% in December 2024 and January 2025, after standing at 0.0% in the months of September, October and November 2024. The downward trend in employment is therefore continuing, with the number of persons in employment now slightly below the previous year’s level.

In February 2025, the number of unemployed persons increased by approximately 39,000, or 2.4%, compared to February 2024. Adjusted for seasonal and irregular effects, the number of unemployed persons in February 2025 stood at 1.56 million, reflecting a slight increase of 0.3% compared to January 2025. Between January 2025 and February 2025, the adjusted unemployment rate remained stable at 3.5%.

Sources: Federal Statistical Office, Employment down slightly in February 2025, press release of March 28, 2025 (https://www.destatis.de/EN/Press/2025/03/PE25_120_132.html); Federal Statistical Office, Genesis-Online Datenbank, Result 13231-0001, Unemployed persons, persons in employment, economically active population, unemployment rate: Germany, months, original and adjusted data, accessed on January 31, 2025 (https://www-genesis.destatis.de/genesis/online?sequenz=tabelleErgebnis&selectionname=13231-0001&zeitscheiben=2&leerzeilen=false&language=en#abreadcrumb).

Source: Deutsche Bundesbank, Major items of the German balance of payments, March 14, 2025 (https://www.bundesbank.de/resource/blob/951586/e0632c45431491f3bf36ed18fb27586f/472B63F073F071307366337C94F8C870/2025-03-14-zahlungsbilanz-anlage-data.pdf).

Germany’s General Government Deficit/Surplus and General Government Gross Debt

According to provisional calculations, general government budgets recorded a financial deficit (net borrowing) of EUR 118.8 billion in 2024. This was an increase of approximately EUR 15.0 billion from 2023. Measured as a percentage of GDP at current prices, the deficit ratio was 2.8% in 2024 (2023: 2.5%). The ratio therefore remains below the 3% reference value of the European Stability and Growth Pact. The central government’s financial deficit totaled 62.3 billion euros, accounting for just over half of the general government deficit in 2024. Notably, it reduced its deficit by EUR 30.5 billion compared with the previous year. Conversely, both state (Länder) and local governments (Gemeinden) experienced significant increases in their deficits. The state government’s deficit tripled year-on-year to EUR 27.3 billion (from EUR 9.0 billion in 2023), while the local government deficit rose by EUR 7.6 billion to reach EUR 18.6 billion. Social security funds, after registering a surplus of EUR 9.0 billion in 2023, reported a financial deficit of EUR 10.6 billion in 2024. These results mark the first time since 2009 that all four subsectors of the general government reported a financial deficit.

According to provisional figures of the Deutsche Bundesbank, the general government gross debt ratio was 62.5% of GDP at the end of 2024. This represents a 0.6% decrease when compared to the end of 2023.

Sources: Federal Statistical Office, General government deficit increased to 118.8 billion euros in 2024, press release of February 25, 2025 (https://www.destatis.de/EN/Press/2025/02/PE25_070_813.html); Deutsche Bundesbank, Verschuldung gem. Maastricht-Vertrag - Deutschland - Gesamtstaat - in % des BIP, accessed on March 31, 2025 (https://www.bundesbank.de/dynamic/action/de/statistiken/zeitreihen-datenbanken/zeitreihen-datenbank/723452/723452?tsId=BBGFS1.A.BJ9959&listId=www_v27_web011_21a&dateSelect=2024).

On March 17, 2025, the Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Climate Action published its assessment of the economic situation in Germany for March 2025. According to the report, the German economy continued to struggle due to subdued domestic and foreign demand and increased uncertainty regarding trade and geopolitical issues. While the industrial sector began to show signs of stability, the services sector experienced a downturn. Although early indicators reveal mixed sentiment in the German economy, there are early signs of stabilization. According to the report, policy ideas being discussed by the upcoming coalition government could help boost confidence and provide more certainty for households and businesses.

Sources: Bundesministerium für Wirtschaft und Klimaschutz, Die wirtschaftliche Lage in Deutschland im März 2025, March 17, 2025

(https://www.bmwk.de/Redaktion/DE/Pressemitteilungen/Wirtschaftliche-Lage/2025/20250317-die-wirtschaftliche-lage-in-deutschland-im-maerz-2025.html).

Following the termination of the governing coalition in November 2024, Chancellor (Bundeskanzler) Scholz submitted a motion of confidence to the Bundestag on December 11, 2024. On December 16, 2024, the Bundestag voted on this motion, which (as required to permit early elections) failed. Chancellor Scholz then recommended the dissolution of the Bundestag to Bundespräsident Steinmeier. After consulting all party leaders, Bundespräsident Steinmeier confirmed on December 20, 2024 that no viable majority existed. On December 27, 2024, Bundespräsident Steinmeier officially dissolved the Bundestag and scheduled early elections which were held on February 23, 2025. The Christian Democratic Union/Christian Social Union (CDU/CSU) emerged as the strongest party, winning 28.6% of the vote. Following successful exploratory talks with the Social Democratic Party (SPD), CDU/CSU and SPD have begun coalition negotiations. Friedrich Merz, the CDU leader, is expected to become the next Chancellor of Germany.

Sources: Ergebnisse der Sondierungen von CDU, CSU und SPD, Berlin, March 8, 2025 (https://www.spd.de/fileadmin/Dokumente/Sonstiges/20250308_Sondierungspapier_CDU_CSU_SPD.pdf); The Federal Returning Officer, Bundestag election 2025 (https://www.bundeswahlleiterin.de/en/bundestagswahlen/2025/ergebnisse/bund-99.html); Bundeskanzler Scholz beantragt die Vertrauensfrage, press release of December 11, 2024 (https://www.bundesregierung.de/breg-de/suche/bundeskanzler-scholz-beantragt-die-vertrauensfrage-2324868); Bundespräsident legt Termin fest, communication of the Federal Government (https://www.bundesregierung.de/breg-de/suche/bundestagswahl-2025-2300332).

In view of the changed security situation in Europe and the corresponding need for significantly higher defense expenditure, Germany decided to reform its constitutional balanced budget rule known as the “debt brake” (Schuldenbremse), which among other things provides for a structural budget deficit of no more than 0.35% of GDP at the federal level, by exempting defense expenditure (including civil protection, intelligence services, cyber security and support for countries which are attacked in violation of international law) above 1% of GDP from the debt ceiling of the debt brake; by allowing the Länder to run structural budget deficits of 0.35% of GDP (instead of the previously-required structurally balanced budgets); and by establishing the Special Infrastructure Fund (Sondervermögen Infrastruktur). To finance additional infrastructure investments over 12 years, the Special Infrastructure Fund has its own one-off credit authorization of up to EUR 500 billion, which is exempt from the debt brake. The reform of the debt brake was approved by the Bundestag on March 18, 2025 and by the Bundesrat on March 24, 2025, in each case with the majority of at least two thirds, which is necessary to amend the Grundgesetz. Following publication in the Federal Law Gazette (Bundesgesetzblatt), the reform came into force on March 25, 2025.

Sources: Deutscher Bundestag, 20. Wahlperiode, Gesetzentwurf der Fraktionen der SPD und CDU/CSU, Entwurf eines Gesetzes zur Änderung des Grundgesetzes, Drucksache 20/15096, 10.03.2025 (https://dserver.bundestag.de/btd/20/150/2015096.pdf); Deutscher Bundestag, 20. Wahlperiode, Beschlussempfehlung und Bericht des Haushaltsausschusses (8.Ausschuss) a) zu dem Gesetzentwurf der Fraktionen der SPD und CDU/CSU – Drucksache 20/15096 – Entwurf eines Gesetzes zur Änderung des Grundgesetzes (Artikel 109, 115 und 143h) b) zu dem Gesetzentwurf der Fraktion BÜNDNIS 90/DIE GRÜNEN – Drucksache 20/15098 – Entwurf eines Gesetzes zur Änderung des Grundgesetzes (Artikel 109 und 115) c) zu dem Gesetzentwurf der Fraktion der FDP – Drucksache 20/15099 – Entwurf eines Gesetzes zur Errichtung eines Verteidigungsfonds für Deutschland und zur Änderung des Grundgesetzes (Artikel 87a), Drucksache 20/15117, 16.03.2025 (https://dserver.bundestag.de/btd/20/151/2015117.pdf); Deutscher Bundestag, Haushalt, Mehrheit für Reform der Schuldenbremse: 512 Abgeordnete stimmen mit Ja (https://www.bundestag.de/dokumente/textarchiv/2025/kw12-de-sondersitzung-1056916); Bundesrat, Bundesrat KOMPAKT Das Wichtigste zur Sitzung, Ausgewählte Tagesordnungspunkte der 1052. Sitzung am 21.03.2025, Bundesrat macht Weg frei für Sondervermögen und Lockerung der Schuldenbremse (https://www.bundesrat.de/DE/plenum/bundesrat-kompakt/25/1052/1052-pk.html); Bundesgesetzblatt, Gesetz zur Änderung des Grundgesetzes (Artikel 109, 115 und 143h) ,BGBl. 2025 / Nr. 94 vom 24.03.2025 (https://www.recht.bund.de/bgbl/1/2025/94/VO.html) .

On March 6, 2025, the Governing Council of the European Central Bank (“ECB”) decided to lower each of the three key ECB interest rates – the deposit facility rate, the main refinancing operations rate and the marginal lending facility rate – by 25 basis points. These rates have been decreased to 2.50%, 2.65% and 2.90%, respectively, with effect from March 12, 2025, following a preceding decrease of each of the three key ECB interest rates by 25 basis points to 2.75% (deposit facility), 2.90% (main refinancing operations) and 3.15% (marginal lending facility) on January 30, 2025, with effect from February 5, 2025.

In particular, the Governing Council based its decision to lower the deposit facility rate – the rate through which it steers the monetary policy stance – on its updated assessment of the inflation outlook, the dynamics of underlying inflation and the strength of monetary policy transmission. The Governing Council stated its view that the disinflation process is well on track. Inflation has continued to develop broadly in line with ECB staff projection, with the latest outlook closely matching previous estimates. The ECB staff now expects headline inflation to average 2.3% in 2025, 1.9% in 2026 and 2.0% in 2027 - with the higher forecast for 2025 driven by stronger energy price dynamics. For core inflation, which excludes energy and food, the ECB staff have projected an average of 2.2% in 2025, 2.0% in 2026 and 1.9% in 2027.

The Governing Council reported that the asset purchase programme (APP) and pandemic emergency purchase programme (PEPP) portfolios are declining at a measured and predictable pace, as the Eurosystem no longer reinvests the principal payments from maturing securities.

Sources: European Central Bank, Monetary policy decisions, press release of March 6, 2025 (https://www.ecb.europa.eu/press/pr/date/2025/html/ecb.mp250306~d4340800b3.en.html; European Central Bank, Monetary policy decisions, press release of January 30, 2025 (https://www.ecb.europa.eu/press/pr/date/2025/html/ecb.mp250130~530b29e622.en.html).

KfW is a public law institution (Anstalt des öffentlichen Rechts) serving domestic and international public policy objectives of the Federal Government of the Federal Republic. KfW promotes its financing activities under the umbrella brand name KfW Bankengruppe (“KfW Group”).

With total assets of EUR 545.4 billion as of December 31, 2024, including loans and advances of EUR 441.9 billion, KfW is Germany’s flagship promotional bank and ranks among Germany’s largest financial institutions. KfW’s promotional business volume amounted to EUR 112.8 billion in 2024. For more information on KfW’s promotional business volume, see the table “Promotional Business Volume by Business Sector” in “Business—Introduction.”

In addition, KfW manages its direct and indirect strategic shareholdings, which include a number of investments made in companies pursuant to Special Federal Mandates (Zuweisungsgeschäfte; “Special Federal Mandates”) by the Federal Government in accordance with article 2 paragraph 4 of the Law Concerning KfW (Gesetz über die Kreditanstalt für Wiederaufbau, or the “KfW Law”). For more information on KfW’s business sectors and its strategic shareholdings, see “Business.”

KfW’s offices are located at Palmengartenstraße 5-9, 60325 Frankfurt am Main, Germany. KfW’s telephone number is 011-49-69-74310. KfW also maintains branch offices in Berlin and Bonn, Germany, as well as a liaison office to the EU in Brussels, Belgium.

The Federal Republic holds 80% of KfW’s subscribed capital, and the German federal states (each, a “Land” and together, the “Länder”) hold the remaining 20%. The KfW Law does not provide for shareholders’ meetings; instead, the Board of Supervisory Directors assumes the responsibilities of a shareholders’ meeting. For more information on the Board of Supervisory Directors, see “Management and Employees—Board of Supervisory Directors.”

Shares in KfW’s capital may not be pledged; they may not be transferred to entities other than the Federal Republic or the Länder.

Capital contributions have been, and are expected to continue to be, made to KfW in such proportions as to maintain the relative shares of capital held by the Federal Republic and the Länder.

KfW is organized under the KfW Law as a public law institution with unlimited duration. As a public law institution serving public policy objectives of the Federal Government, KfW itself is not subject to corporate taxes (although certain of its subsidiaries are), and as a promotional bank, KfW does not seek to maximize profits. KfW does, however, seek to maintain an overall level of profitability that allows it to strengthen its equity base in order to support its promotional activities. KfW is prohibited under the KfW Law from distributing profits, which are instead allocated to statutory reserves and to separately reportable reserves. KfW is generally also prohibited under the KfW Law from taking deposits or engaging in the financial commission business.

The KfW Law expressly provides that the Federal Republic guarantees all existing and future obligations of KfW in respect of money borrowed, bonds and notes issued and derivative transactions entered into by KfW, as well as obligations of third parties that are expressly guaranteed by KfW (KfW Law, article 1a). Under this statutory guarantee (the “Guarantee of the Federal Republic”), if KfW fails to make any payment of principal or interest or any other amount required to be paid with respect to securities issued by KfW, or if KfW fails to make any payment required to be made under KfW’s guarantee when that payment is due and payable, the Federal Republic will be liable at all times for that payment as and when it becomes due and payable. The Federal Republic’s obligation under the Guarantee of the Federal Republic ranks equally, without any preference, with all of its other present and future unsecured and unsubordinated indebtedness. Holders of securities issued by KfW or issued under KfW’s guarantee may enforce this obligation directly against the Federal Republic without first having to take legal action against KfW. The Guarantee of the Federal Republic is strictly a matter of statutory law and is not evidenced by any contract or instrument. It may be subject to defenses available to KfW with respect to the obligations covered.

KfW is a public law institution (Anstalt des öffentlichen Rechts). Accordingly, under the German administrative law principle of Anstaltslast, the Federal Republic, as the constituting body of KfW, has an obligation to safeguard KfW’s economic basis. Under Anstaltslast, the Federal Republic must keep KfW in a position to pursue its operations and enable it, in the event of financial difficulties, through the allocation of funds or in some other appropriate manner, to meet its obligations when due. Anstaltslast is not a formal guarantee of KfW’s obligations by the Federal Republic, and creditors of KfW do not have a direct claim against the Federal Republic.

Nevertheless, the effect of this legal principle is that KfW’s obligations, including the obligations to the holders of securities issued by it or issued under KfW’s guarantee, are fully backed by the credit of the Federal Republic. The obligation of the Federal Republic under Anstaltslast would constitute a charge on public funds that, as a legally established obligation, would be payable without the need for any appropriation or any other action by the German Parliament.

In order to clarify that the Federal Republic’s responsibility for KfW’s obligations was and is compatible with EU law prohibitions against state aid, the German Federal Ministry of Finance and the European Commissioner for Competition held discussions which were formalized in an understanding reached on March 1, 2002. In the understanding with the European Commission, it was agreed that, in respect of the promotional activities for which KfW is responsible, KfW will continue to benefit from Anstaltslast and the Guarantee of the Federal Republic. The understanding acknowledged that KfW’s role in providing financing for, in particular, SMEs, risk capital, environmental protection, technology/innovation, infrastructure and housing, as well as its cooperation with developing countries, is of a promotional nature and thus compatible with EU rules.

In the business sector of Export and Project Finance, the understanding with the European Commission required KfW to transfer to a legally independent subsidiary that portion of export finance and domestic and international project finance activities which the European Commission deemed to fall outside the scope of the promotional activities of KfW. The transfer of such activities was to be effected by December 31, 2007, and as from that date, KfW has not been permitted to fund the subsidiary at other than market rates of interest or to extend to the subsidiary any benefits of Anstaltslast or the Guarantee of the Federal Republic.

KfW continues to be permitted, however, to engage directly in the following promotional export and project finance activities:

The European Commission transformed the understanding into a decision, which the Federal Republic formally accepted. In August 2003, a part of the Promotional Bank Restructuring Act (Förderbankenneustrukturierungsgesetz) implemented the understanding with the European Commission and amended the KfW Law accordingly.

On January 1, 2008, KfW IPEX-Bank, a limited liability company (Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung) formed as a wholly owned subsidiary of KfW, commenced operations as a legally independent entity, thus satisfying the requirements set forth in the understanding with the European Commission. KfW IPEX-Bank conducts those export and project finance activities which the European Commission deemed to fall outside the scope of KfW’s promotional activities directly and on its own behalf. For more information on KfW IPEX- Bank, see “Business—Export and Project Finance (KfW IPEX-Bank).”

The Federal Ministry of Finance, acting in consultation with the Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Climate Action, exercises legal supervision (Rechtsaufsicht) over KfW, i.e., it supervises KfW’s compliance with applicable laws and may adopt all necessary measures to ensure such compliance. Legal supervision primarily comprises supervision of compliance with the KfW Law and KfW’s Bylaws, but also with all other applicable laws and regulations, except for certain provisions of bank regulatory law referenced in the following paragraph and described in “Regulation.” The relevant Federal Ministers are represented on KfW’s Board of Supervisory Directors, which supervises KfW’s overall activities. See below “Management and Employees—Board of Supervisory Directors.”

In addition to being subject to legal supervision by the Federal Ministries, in October 2013, KfW became subject to banking-specific supervision exercised by the German Federal Financial Supervisory Authority (Bundesanstalt für Finanzdienstleistungsaufsicht, or “BaFin”). This supervision was established by a ministerial regulation (KfW–Verordnung, or “KfW Regulation”), which implements an amendment to the KfW Law that became effective in July 2013. The KfW Regulation, while maintaining KfW’s general exemption from bank regulatory law, specifies those provisions of bank regulatory law which are to apply to KfW by analogy and assigns the supervision of compliance with these provisions to BaFin. In exercising its supervision, BaFin cooperates with the Deutsche Bundesbank in accordance with normal bank supervisory procedures. For further details, see “Supervision and Regulation—Regulation.”

In addition, to comply with the financial reporting and auditing standards generally applicable to banks in Germany, KfW, under the KfW Law, is subject to special auditing standards for government-owned entities set forth in the Budgeting and Accounting Act (Haushaltsgrundsätzegesetz). These special auditing standards require that KfW’s annual audit, above and beyond its normal scope, cover the proper conduct of KfW’s business by its management. The resulting auditor’s report is to enable the Board of Supervisory Directors, the responsible Federal Ministries and the Federal Court of Auditors (Bundesrechnungshof) to form their own opinion and to take action if required.

Finally, as a government-owned entity, KfW is subject to audits by the Federal Court of Auditors (Bundesrechnungshof) with regard to its economical use of funds pursuant to the Budgeting and Accounting Act (Haushaltsgrundsätzegesetz).

KfW is generally exempt from bank regulatory laws and regulations, as it qualifies neither as a “credit institution” or “financial services institution” within the meaning of the German Banking Act (Gesetz über das Kreditwesen, or “KWG”), nor as a “credit institution” within the meaning of relevant EU directives and regulations, including in particular the EU Capital Requirements Directive (Directive 2013/36/EU, as amended) (“CRD”) and the EU Capital Requirements Regulation (Regulation (EU) No. 575/2013) (“CRR”). However, by operation of the KfW Regulation, which has been in effect since January 1, 2016, considerable portions of the KWG and the CRR, including relevant implementing rules and regulations, apply by analogy to KfW.

The KfW Regulation takes into account KfW’s special status as an entity not generally engaged in deposit taking, characterized by a low-risk profile in its lending business and benefiting from the Guarantee of the Federal Republic. It therefore provides for certain modifications and exceptions in connection with the analogous application of the relevant rules and regulations.

The analogous application of EU and national bank regulatory law imposed by the KfW Regulation is without prejudice to KfW’s status as a “public sector entity” within the meaning of article 4 paragraph 1 no. 8 of the CRR. This status confers certain advantages to KfW’s refinancing activities given the fact that exposures to public sector entities held by banks are privileged as to capital requirements, large exposures limitations and liquidity measurement under EU and national bank regulatory law. Securities issued by KfW, such as bonds and notes, are eligible in the EU as level 1 assets pursuant to article 10 paragraph 1 lit. (c) (v) of the Commission Delegated Regulation (EU) 2015/61 of October 10, 2014 (“Delegated Regulation”), subject to all other requirements stated in the Delegated Regulation being met.

By operation of the KfW Regulation, bank regulatory requirements for corporate governance set forth in Sections 25c through 25d of the KWG apply to KfW by analogy. To comply with these requirements, certain adjustments were made to the committee structure of KfW’s Board of Supervisory Directors in 2014. For more information on the committee structure of KfW’s Board of Supervisory Directors, see “Management and Employees—Board of Supervisory Directors.”

Since January 1, 2018, the bank regulatory requirements for remuneration policies set forth in Section 25a of the KWG and further specified in the German Remuneration Regulation for Credit Institutions (Institutsvergütungsverordnung, or “IVV”) apply to KfW.

The capital adequacy regime set forth in part 2 titles I through III and part 3 titles I through VI of the CRR has become applicable to KfW by analogy virtually in its entirety with effect from January 1, 2016, including the calculation of regulatory own funds and own funds requirements on a consolidated basis. KfW is also subject to the capital buffers regime introduced by CRD and transposed into national law in Sections 10c through 10i of the KWG. In June 2017, KfW received approval from BaFin to calculate its regulatory capital requirements in accordance with the advanced IRBA for the vast majority of its portfolio as of June 30, 2017. According to article 92 of the CRR, KfW’s total capital ratio amounted to 30.3% and its Tier 1 capital ratio amounted to 30.2%, in each case as of December 31, 2024 (not taking into account the interim profit of the second half of 2024)¹. The increase of the total capital ratio and the Tier 1 capital ratio compared to December 31, 2023, when the total capital ratio and the Tier 1 capital ratio amounted to 27.9%, was mainly due to the consideration of the profit of the second half of 2023 and the first half of 2024 and to a reduced total risk exposure amount resulting from rating improvements as well as adjustments of the risk measurement procedures.

In connection with the application of the appropriate requirements of the capital adequacy regime, the overall capital requirement for KfW Group’s total capital ratio as of December 31, 2024 was 15.6%, consisting of a total supervisory review and evaluation process capital requirement (“TSCR”) of 11.5% plus a Capital Conservation Buffer of 2.5%, a buffer for Other Systemically Important Institutions (O-SIIs) in Germany of 1.0%, a systemic risk buffer of 0.02% for risk weighted assets in Norway, which was reciprocally introduced by BaFin in response to the imposition of such a risk buffer for German banks by the Norwegian Central Bank, and a Countercyclical Capital Buffer of 0.61%. The TSCR for KfW Group includes a supervisory review and evaluation process (“SREP”) surcharge, which is generally meant to reflect the specific risk situation of an individual bank. In March 2023, BaFin confirmed KfW Group’s SREP surcharge of 3.0%. On March 6, 2025, KfW Group’s SREP surcharge was reduced to 2.0%. In addition, the TSCR for KfW Group includes an additional surcharge for certain findings from standard audits by Deutsche Bundesbank and BaFin. As of December 31, 2024, this surcharge amounted to 0.5% overall. This figure reflected a reduction in two steps, in March and July 2024, of the surcharge of 1.25% that had prevailed in 2023.

As of January 1, 2016, KfW, by analogy, became subject to the large-exposures regime of part IV of the CRR as supplemented by the KWG and relevant implementing rules and regulations. Under this regime, exposures to any one client or group of connected clients are limited to 25% of eligible own funds and exposures exceeding 10% of eligible own funds are subject to special internal monitoring requirements and a reporting obligation to the German bank supervisory authorities.

In addition, KfW has been applying the provisions concerning leverage ratio with effect from January 1, 2016 by analogy. Under this regime, the ratio of KfW’s Tier 1 capital to the carrying value of assets and off-balance sheet exposures is calculated on a consolidated basis. The leverage ratio is monitored internally and has been part of the prudential requirements since June 2021.

According to a decision made by BaFin in December 2015, certain provisions of the CRR such as own funds requirements, large exposures and leverage need only be considered at the group level (i.e., on a consolidated basis) and not at the entity level.

Although it was already subject to the German Anti-Money Laundering Act (Geldwäschegesetz), on January 1, 2016 KfW also became subject to the provisions of the KWG concerning money laundering, terrorist financing and other criminal offences at the group and entity levels.

Finally, the bank regulatory requirements for risk management systems set forth in the KWG and in the German Minimum Requirements for Risk Management (Mindestanforderungen an das Risikomanagement, or “MaRisk”) became applicable to KfW by analogy with effect from January 1, 2016, and provide for sound systems for risk strategy planning, the implementation of risk management and financial and operational controls as well as requirements for credit decision-making processes. Certain exemptions are granted in this context for Special Federal Mandates, i.e., those activities which KfW carries out as requested by the Federal Government, usually at the Federal Republic’s economic risk.

The KfW Regulation does not encompass the application of the liquidity regime set forth in the CRR and the KWG. On the same grounds, KfW is generally exempt from EU and national disclosure requirements and from the EU Bank Recovery and Resolution Directive (Directive 2014/59/EU).

The Finanzmarktdigitalisierungsgesetz (Financial Market Digitalization Act – FinmadiG) of December 27, 2024, which came into effect on December 30, 2024, amended the KfW Regulation. The amendment extended the regulatory framework to be complied with by KfW to include EU Regulation 2022/2554 on digital operational resilience in the financial sector (DORA).

The supervision of KfW’s compliance with bank regulatory laws and regulations is assigned to BaFin in cooperation with Deutsche Bundesbank in accordance with BaFin’s general risk-oriented supervisory review and evaluation process. In this context, Deutsche Bundesbank undertakes the ongoing audit and analysis of banks with regard to both their financial stability and the adequacy of their internal governance and risk-management systems. Deutsche Bundesbank receives and preprocesses relevant data, while final decision- making and the exercise of enforcement powers are reserved for BaFin.

For purposes of supervision, the KfW Regulation has subjected KfW by analogy to the reporting and information requirements generally applicable to banks in Germany, with the exception of the automated access to client account details, with effect from January 1, 2016. After a transition period agreed with the supervisory authorities, KfW implemented a fully-fledged regulatory reporting system as of January 1, 2020.

In addition, the KfW Regulation subjects KfW by analogy to certain enforcement powers of BaFin, which comprise, among other matters, the right to demand, under certain circumstances, increases of regulatory own funds and/or a reduction of regulatory risk, or to demand changes in the senior management of KfW.

Since KfW does not qualify as a regulated entity under national or EU bank regulatory law, KfW did not become subject to the changes in the national and EU bank supervisory structure that have taken effect in recent years. In particular, KfW is not subject to supervision by the ECB pursuant to Council Regulation (EU) No. 1024/2013 establishing the European Single Supervisory Mechanism (“SSM”). KfW IPEX-Bank was included in the ECB’s comprehensive assessment of large banks conducted in 2014 in cooperation with national supervisory authorities of member states participating in the SSM. According to a decision of the ECB in September 2014, KfW IPEX-Bank did not qualify as a significant credit institution at that time. By legal notice dated November 11, 2024, KfW IPEX-Bank was informed it is now classified as a significant institution and therefore supervised directly by ECB from January 1, 2025 onwards. The primary reason for this change is the fact that, as of December 31, 2023, KfW IPEX-Bank’s total assets (IFRS, before consolidation) had increased to EUR 32.8 billion. For more information on KfW IPEX-Bank, see “Business—Export and Project Finance (KfW IPEX-Bank).” For more information on the SSM, see “Federal Republic of Germany—Monetary and Financial System—Financial System—European Financial System—European System of Financial Supervision and European Banking Union.”

KfW was established in 1948 by the Administration of the Combined Economic Area, the immediate predecessor of the Federal Republic. Originally, KfW’s purpose was to distribute and lend funds of the European Recovery Program (the “ERP”), which is also known as the Marshall Plan. Even today, several of KfW’s programs to promote the German and European economies are supported using funds to subsidize interest rates from the so-called “ERP Special Fund.” KfW has expanded and internationalized its operations over the past decades. In 1994, following the reunification of the Federal Republic and the former German Democratic Republic (“GDR”), KfW assumed the operations of the former central bank of the GDR (Staatsbank), which was located in Berlin, Germany.

In September 2001, KfW acquired DEG from the Federal Republic. DEG is a limited liability company that acts as the German development finance institution for the promotion of private enterprises in developing countries and emerging economies. For more information on DEG, see “Business—DEG—Deutsche Investitions- und Entwicklungsgesellschaft mbH.”

In 2003, Deutsche Ausgleichsbank (“DtA”), which was based in Bonn, Germany, merged into KfW. DtA was formed in 1950 as a public law institution and promotional bank, and was particularly active in the area of lending to SMEs and start-up businesses. The merger was accomplished through the Promotional Bank Restructuring Act and was designed to restructure and simplify promotional banking in the Federal Republic and harmonize it with the understanding reached with the European Commission.

KfW Group has set sustainable promotion as its primary strategic objective and aims to improve economic, social and environmental conditions around the world, with an emphasis on promotion of the German economy. For more information on KfW’s strategic objectives, see “Combined Management Report — Basic Information on KfW Group — Strategic Objectives 2028” included in Exhibit (e) to this annual report. Against this background, KfW supports the sustainability goals of the Federal Republic, the EU and the international community and is taking action to help implement the Federal Government’s National Sustainable Development Strategy, to achieve the United Nations’ Agenda 2030 objectives together with its Sustainable Development Goals (“SDGs”) and to put the Paris Agreement into practice. In addition, the “Policy Statement of KfW and its Subsidiaries on Human Rights and its Human Rights Strategy” from 2023 reflects the crucial importance of human rights for all of KfW’s activities. Apart from financing investments for a more sustainable economy, KfW, on its own initiative and in cooperation with other financial market participants, strives to set benchmarks and standards for credit and capital markets, to act as a driving force for national and international sustainability initiatives and to offer its expertise to political decision-makers in Germany, Europe and worldwide.

KfW’s sustainability mission statement, which reflects a holistic approach to addressing the challenge of transitioning to a sustainable society, lays out the framework for KfW’s five sustainability action areas: banking business, bank operation, sustainability management, sustainability communications and employee relations. For more information on KfW’s approach to employee relations, see “Management and Employees—Employees.”

In its financing activities, KfW focuses on the social and economic megatrends of “climate change and the environment,” “globalization,” “social change,” as well as “digitalization and innovation.” Due to the particular importance of the “climate change and the environment” megatrend, KfW has been aiming to maintain an environmental ratio of at least 38% for its new commitments since 2020 as part of its strategic management system. In 2024, the environmental ratio, adjusted for loan facilities related to the energy crisis, was 44% (compared to 45% in 2023). KfW’s environmental ratio reflects the percentage of KfW’s loan commitments for activities in the fields of climate protection (such as renewable energy, energy-efficient projects, sustainable mobility or climate change adaptation) and the protection of resources and environment (such as waste avoidance, wastewater treatment, air pollution control or noise protection) in relation to KfW’s overall new loan commitments for a certain period. To qualify for the calculation of the environmental ratio, the loan commitments taken into account also have to fulfill certain minimum requirements, for example, in terms of CO₂ or energy reductions to be achieved by the projects which are financed with these commitments. Although KfW’s domestic business faced declining commitments, e.g., relating to commercial climate and environment financing, the remaining business units were able to achieve their targets in terms of the adjusted environmental ratio. This balancing effect was mainly driven by a higher number of environmental-related commitments and a strengthened business focus in one of the business units. As a result, the ratio remained at a level similar to that of 2023 while meeting the strategic benchmark of at least 38%. In addition, KfW is committed to contributing to the achievement of each of the 17 SDGs, which are part of the United Nations’ Agenda 2030 for Sustainable Development, under its promotional and financing mandate. To create transparency, KfW has developed a group-wide reporting method by mapping new commitments to the SDGs. While new commitments in 2024 contributed to all 17 SDGs, the most significant contributions were made to SDG 11 “Sustainable cities and communities”, SDG 7 “Affordable and Clean Energy” and SDG 13 “Climate Action.”

In terms of customers, important target groups for KfW’s activities include Germany’s small- and medium-sized enterprises, private households, municipalities, developing countries, as well as export and project finance borrowers. KfW takes ecological and social factors into account in every financing decision based on specific sustainability guidelines, which are in place for all its business sectors. In the case of promotional and project financing in developing countries and emerging economies, as well as in all export and project finance activities around the world, KfW regularly applies internationally recognized environmental and social standards (Environmental and Social Impact Appraisal). KfW refuses to fund projects that could conceivably cause unacceptable environmental or social harm, and the group-wide Exclusion List of KfW Group applies to all new financing and promotional activities. In 2021, KfW introduced science-based sector guidelines in accordance with the targets of the Paris Climate Agreement as an additional element to steer KfW’s new financing activities in particularly greenhouse-gas-intensive sectors. Initially, these Paris-compatible sector guidelines were aligned with the 1.65°C climate target. In 2022, KfW revised the sector guidelines to align with the 1.5°C climate target with the aim of providing even more targeted support for the transformation process towards greenhouse gas neutrality. The revised sector guidelines covering the sectors automotive, iron and steel production, building, power generation, aviation and shipping were implemented at the beginning of 2023. In December 2023, KfW introduced an additional sector guideline for the oil and gas sector.

Sustainability also plays an important role in KfW’s various capital market activities, be it in its role as a green bond issuer or in connection with the sustainable management of its liquidity portfolio. For more information, see “Business—Financial Markets.”

KfW is conscious of the fact that environmental and climate risks, as well as risks arising from poor governance and insufficient social considerations, can have a significant impact on its risk positions, as well as on economic and financial systems in general. As a consequence, KfW strives to continuously improve the assessment of its risk positions with a view to gaining a clear picture of the significance of environmental, climate, governance and social aspects as risk drivers. To this end, KfW conducted a multi-year internal project to further improve the identification, assessment, steering and reporting of environmental, social and governance (“ESG”) risks. In this context several risk instruments had been significantly improved or newly implemented.

The Combined Non-financial Report in accordance with the German Commercial Code (Handelsgesetzbuch) for KfW and KfW Group for the financial year 2024, which was published in April 2025, was prepared in accordance with the European Sustainability Reporting Standards (ESRS, Commission Delegated Regulation (EU) 2023/2772) for the first time, with the sole formal exemption of the publication in the combined management report (ESRS 1.110). Using the ESRS as the main framework for the preparation is voluntary for KfW Group for 2024 due to the delayed transposition of the Corporate Sustainability Reporting Directive (CSRD, Directive (EU) 2022/2464) into German law.

The regulatory framework applicable to KfW’s activities explicitly includes compliance with legal rules and regulations relating to environmental, social and economic matters, as well as the prevention of money laundering, terrorist financing, corruption, fraud, breaches of data protection, insider trading and embargo provisions. In addition, as a public law institution, KfW adheres to the principles of the Federal Government’s Public Corporate Governance Code. Furthermore, KfW is a corporate member of Transparency International and DEG represents KfW Group in its capacity as a supporting member of the Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative. While adverse environmental impacts caused by KfW’s banking operations are limited, KfW strives to reduce the ecological footprint of its banking operations and compensates the remaining greenhouse gas emissions of KfW Group by purchasing high-value Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) credits on the market and discontinuing them for perpetuity. Among other matters, KfW’s procurement guidelines require that suppliers and potential subcontractors comply with the prohibition of child and forced labor and afford protection against inhumane working conditions. Within the scope of possibilities provided by public procurement law, KfW includes social and ecological requirements in its contract conditions for Europe-wide tenders.

KfW’s sustainability management system establishes responsibilities and procedures to further develop sustainability matters within KfW Group. Overall responsibility for the group’s sustainability strategy and communication rests with KfW’s Chief Executive Officer who is supported by KfW’s Chief Sustainability Officer and sustainability officers and managers at the business sector, central unit and site levels. Specific sustainability guidelines for the business sectors and relevant central units set out detailed rules.

To ensure continuous progress of the group-wide sustainability commitment, beginning in 2023, KfW’s strategic objectives have included as one of its key targets its ranking among the top three development and promotional banks within a peer group, which comprises the top 10 rated development and promotional banks across the peer groups of each of three ESG Rating agencies (ISS, MSCI & Sustainalytics).

KfW regularly interacts openly with its stakeholders about aspects of its business activity related to sustainability with a view to refining its own sustainability goals and enabling stakeholders to address relevant topics. In this context, KfW’s sustainability reporting, which also fulfills statutory requirements, and KfW’s Sustainability Portal are important communication channels.

The consolidated financial statements of KfW included in Exhibit (e) to this annual report have been prepared in accordance with IFRS as adopted by the EU and the additional requirements of German commercial law pursuant to § 315e (1) of the German Commercial Code (Handelsgesetzbuch) and supplementary provisions of the KfW Law. IFRS differs in certain significant respects from accounting principles generally accepted and financial reporting practices followed in the United States (“U.S. GAAP”), and, as a result, KfW’s consolidated financial statements included in Exhibit (e) to this annual report may differ substantially from financial statements prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP.

Pursuant to the KfW Law, KfW’s unconsolidated annual financial statements as well as its consolidated financial statements are examined by a Wirtschaftsprüfer (Certified Public Accountant) who is appointed by the Federal Minister of Finance at the proposal of the Board of Supervisory Directors in consultation with the Federal Court of Auditors (Bundesrechnungshof). KfW’s external auditor for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2024 is Deloitte GmbH Wirtschaftsprüfungsgesellschaft (“Deloitte”).

The annual audit is conducted in accordance with German Generally Accepted Auditing Standards.

The auditor’s report of Deloitte for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2024, dated March 11, 2025, refers to a combined management report (zusammengefasster Lagebericht). The examination of, and the auditor’s report upon, this combined management report are required under German generally accepted accounting principles. This examination was not made in accordance with U.S. generally accepted auditing standards (“U.S. GAAP”) or U.S. attestation standards. Therefore, Deloitte does not provide any opinion on such examination, on the combined management report or on the financial statements included in Exhibit (e) to this annual report in accordance with U.S. GAAP or U.S. attestation standards. A reprint of the auditor’s report can be found starting on page 171 of Exhibit (e) to this annual report.

The following table sets forth the relative size of each of the business sectors in terms of commitments for each of the years indicated.

The following table shows the relative size of each of the seven business sectors in terms of percentage of commitments outstanding and economic capital required as of December 31, 2024. In general, a lower percentage in economic capital required compared to the percentage of commitments outstanding illustrates a below average risk associated therewith. The percentage of economic capital required of the business sector Financial Markets also includes the economic capital required for treasury activities.

To support the economic and policy objectives of the Federal Government, KfW offers a broad range of financing programs in Germany and, to a limited extent, elsewhere in Europe, as well as grants funded from the federal budget for domestic promotional purposes. KfW’s main domestic finance activities are conducted by the business sectors SME Bank & Private Clients, Customized Finance & Public Clients, and by KfW Capital. Certain further promotional activities undertaken in connection with KfW’s green bond portfolio and ABS portfolio targeting the domestic market are reported under the Financial Markets business sector.

Under the KfW Law, KfW must generally involve banks or other financing institutions when granting financing. Therefore, KfW involves commercial banks in the handling of its loans by extending loans to commercial banks, which, in turn, on-lend the funds to the ultimate borrowers. To a limited extent, however, KfW is allowed to grant financing directly to ultimate borrowers (e.g., for the financing of municipalities). By lending to commercial banks, KfW, in principle, insulates itself from credit exposure to ultimate borrowers and gains the benefit of the commercial banks’ knowledge of their customers as well as their administrative and servicing expertise. KfW monitors its exposures to, and the credit standing of, each bank or other financing institution to which it lends. As of December 31, 2024, KfW had extended loans to approximately 150 commercial banks in its domestic business sectors. In 2024, 60% (2023: 60%) of KfW’s total interbank exposure (exposure at default) was attributable to KfW’s ten largest banking group counterparties. Most of this exposure relates to KfW’s on-lending business, while the portion deriving from other business transactions – including derivatives, securities, money market and global loan transactions – is much more limited.

KfW offers two different models for processing KfW loans to commercial banks. KfW’s traditional and most important model for handling its lending business is based on individual loan applications by each borrower within the framework of specified loan or mezzanine capital instruments. Under the other model, KfW extends global funding facilities and program-based global loans to Landesförderinstitute, as well as non-program-based global loans to selected financial institutions in Germany and Europe.

KfW defines detailed formal eligibility requirements for each individual loan that it extends to a commercial bank, as well as for each loan the commercial bank on-lends to the ultimate borrower under each of KfW’s lending programs. Borrowers generally do not apply directly to KfW for a loan, but rather may only apply for a KfW loan through a commercial bank. This intermediate bank appraises the financial and business situation of the applicant, takes collateral for the loan and assumes liability for repayment to KfW. KfW loans on-lent by commercial banks are normally collateralized by liens on real property or other assets, or are guaranteed by the Federal Republic or by one of the Länder. The processing of individual loans within KfW’s lending programs is characterized by two formally separate loan approvals – first by the intermediate bank and then by KfW. KfW’s loan approval, however, in most cases depends solely on a review of the individual loan application in order to assess compliance with the requirements defined for each respective lending program. In recent years, KfW has modernized its application and approval process for loans with the aim of attaining a more efficient, automated and accelerated process. For this purpose, KfW has developed a digital online platform for its standardized loan programs. The online platform provides immediate feedback as to KfW’s approval of loans in the form of electronic confirmations for most applications, and electronic confirmations after manual processing by KfW for more complex products (for instance, environmental programs for SMEs, municipal enterprises, businesses, and non-profit organizations). Since the beginning of 2020, all of KfW’s standardized domestic, commercial and non-direct municipal products are offered exclusively via the online platform. All intermediate banks have access to the online platform and use it for their application processes.

KfW applies either a fixed-rate pricing model or a risk-adjusted pricing model to the loans it grants. Under the fixed-rate pricing model, the commercial banks to which KfW lends are permitted to on-lend these funds at fixed spreads over the applicable interest rate payable to KfW. This fixed-rate pricing model is applied to housing investment and some lending programs for start-up financing. It is also applied to education lending programs. Under the risk-adjusted pricing model, KfW establishes pricing categories based on a combination of the borrower’s creditworthiness and the collateral securing the loan. Under each lending program, KfW sets maximum interest rates for each pricing category. The on-lending banks assess the risk profile of the ultimate borrower and the collateral securing the loan to determine the applicable pricing category for each loan and the applicable maximum interest rate for the pricing category. KfW’s role in the pricing process is limited to verifying that banks derive the appropriate maximum interest rate from the ultimate borrower’s creditworthiness and the collateral provided.

Under KfW’s traditional SME lending programs, the on-lending banks are liable to KfW and bear the risk of customer default as described above. In recent years, KfW has constantly been reworking and renewing its SME financing programs to increase its support for SMEs. Under some of those lending programs, to which the risk-adjusted pricing model applies, KfW offers the option of a partial exemption from liability to on-lending banks. If the on-lending bank applies for an exemption from liability, KfW bears the risk not retained by the bank and the risk margin is shared pro rata between KfW and the bank. The risk-adjusted pricing model applies to most of SME Bank & Private Clients lending programs. In addition, mezzanine capital offered by SME Bank & Private Clients and its special programs for investments by micro-enterprises are designed so that KfW assumes direct exposure to the credit risk of the ultimate borrowers, which in turn is covered or compensated in different ways: by means of risk premiums included in the interest rate charged to the ultimate borrowers, or by means of guarantees from the Federal Government.

Global loans and global funding facilities differ from KfW’s individual loans primarily in terms of simplified processing, the lack of a requirement for formal loan approval by KfW with respect to each individual ultimate borrower and, in general, a higher degree of flexibility for the on-lending Landesförderinstitute and selected financial institutions. KfW expects the receiving institutions to on-lend funds within a reasonable period of time. In contrast to KfW’s individual loans, global loans and global funding facilities offer greater loan-structure flexibility. As a result, these instruments, when compared with KfW’s traditional lending programs, carry lower administrative costs for both KfW and the on-lending institutions. Accordingly, ultimate borrowers generally benefit from favorable interest rates.

KfW offers different kinds of global loans and global funding facilities: program-based global loans and global funding facilities to Landesförderinstitute and non-program-based global loans to selected financial institutions in Germany and Europe. Most Landesförderinstitute are independent public law institutions and benefit from explicit statutory guarantees by the respective Land. Each Landesförderinstitut is responsible for promotional matters within its federal state.

Landesförderinstitute use KfW’s program-based global loans to finance specified investments relating to SMEs, housing projects and municipal infrastructure projects in their respective Land within the framework of cooperative loan programs of the respective Landesförderinstitut and KfW. The conditions of each cooperative loan program are required to comply with the conditions of the relevant KfW program. The funds to Landesförderinstitute are generally extended in the form of lump sums, which are then broken down and granted to ultimate borrowers as individual loans.

Moreover, KfW extends global funding facilities exclusively to Landesförderinstitute for their own promotional funding purposes, thus offering flexibility with respect to the use of funds extended in their promotional business without a direct link to any of KfW’s lending programs.

In 2023 KfW launched a new type of global loans to Landesförderinstitute, the RegioInnoGrowth (“RIG”) loans. These loans, which are part of the Future Fund (Zukunftsfonds)/ERP, are intended to provide equity and equity-like capital to start-ups and growth-oriented SMEs with innovative business models.

KfW also extends non-program-based global loans to selected financial institutions in Germany and elsewhere in Europe, which these institutions on-lend as individual loans and leases to finance SMEs, housing projects and energy efficiency projects. In 2023, KfW began to extend global loans which are designed to promote SME-leasing investments in sustainable and energy efficiency projects.

KfW Measures to Mitigate the Economic Impact in Germany of Russia’s Invasion of Ukraine

While KfW’s direct exposures in Ukraine and Russia are limited and tightly managed, developments related to Russia’s invasion of Ukraine have affected KfW’s business and earnings position. For information on the impact of Russia’s invasion of Ukraine on KfW’s net assets, financial and earnings position, see “Combined management report—Economic Report” in Exhibit (e) to this annual report.

Against the background of Russia’s invasion of Ukraine, which led to further increases in energy prices and highlighted Germany’s dependency on energy imports from Russia, the Federal Government requested that KfW engage in a number of activities under Special Federal Mandates with full protection of KfW. These activities aim to stabilize and secure the energy supply in Germany, strengthen the resilience of Germany’s economy and are thus in the public interest as required by the KfW Law. These activities are being carried out at the Federal Republic’s economic risk.

KfW’s activities under Special Federal Mandates are of an unplanned nature and do not change KfW’s consistent strategic focus on sustainability targets in its banking business. They must therefore be clearly distinguished from KfW’s promotional activities as a digital transformation and promotional bank of the Federal Government and the Länder. As of December 31, 2024, these activities, which were mainly conducted in 2022, in particular comprised support measures for systemically important companies in the energy sector that were significantly impacted by the supply reductions and significantly higher gas and electricity prices resulting from Russia’s invasion of Ukraine. Debt financing has been committed for gas replacement purchases, to cover short-term liquidity requirements within the scope of “margining” (i.e., the provision of collateral that is mandatory when trading in energy) and to finance the procurement of natural gas for the fulfilment of certain statutorily required levels of natural gas reserves in natural gas storage facilities throughout Germany. As of December 31, 2023, these activities by KfW had led to commitments of EUR 11.5 billion and disbursements to EUR 8.4 billion, whereas as of December 31, 2024, commitments and disbursements had declined to EUR 8.5 billion and EUR 4.6 billion, respectively. KfW has also been mandated to engage in equity financing, see “Strategic Shareholdings—KfW’s Shareholdings Pursuant to Special Federal Mandates of the Federal Government—German LNG Terminal GmbH” below.

Furthermore, at the end of 2022, the Federal Government mandated KfW to act as paying agent in connection with compensatory payments to utility companies for loss of revenues owed to such companies by the Federal Government in connection with government support measures aimed at reducing the burden of high energy costs for end consumers of natural gas and district heating. KfW’s role in making the compensatory payments is strictly limited to the payments’ disbursement, with the Federal Government providing KfW with the funds necessary to make such payments in advance. Commitments in this context amounted to EUR 13.7 billion in 2023 and EUR 0.7 billion in 2024.

In the aggregate, activities under Special Federal Mandates due to Russia’s invasion of Ukraine have led to commitments in an aggregate amount of EUR 9.2 billion in 2024 (EUR 25.2 billion in 2023).

Against this background, in November 2022, the German Economic Stabilization Fund (Wirtschaftsstabilisierungsfonds – WSF) was authorized to provide loans to KfW to cover KfW’s refinancing needs stemming from its support of companies in the energy sector under Special Federal Mandates with unallocated funds from the WSF’s credit authorization of up to EUR 100 billion, which was granted to KfW in March 2020 in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic with a view to refinancing KfW’s commitments under the KfW Special Program. In addition, the WSF was authorized to provide financing to KfW under a EUR 200 billion credit authorization, which it has been granted to cover funding requirements in connection with a EUR 200 billion protective shield announced by the Federal Government in September 2022, to the extent that KfW is mandated by the Federal Government in connection with the protective shield. Refinancing through the WSF in 2022 and 2023 relating to the support of companies in the energy sector amounted to EUR 19.8 billion and EUR 4.9 billion, respectively. KfW did not enter into any new refinancing transactions with the WSF during 2024. The WSF is administered by the Federal Finance Agency (Bundesfinanzagentur) and its refinancing is ensured by the Federal Finance Agency, as part of the Federal Government’s established money and capital market approach to financing the Federal Budget, and the Federal Government’s special funds.

Depending on further developments with respect to Russia’s invasion of Ukraine, the Federal Government may in principle request KfW to engage in further activities under Special Federal Mandates at any time.

KfW’s SME Bank & Private Clients business sector supports SMEs, large-scale enterprises, business founders, start-ups and self- employed professionals, and offers financing for various purposes to companies in different stages of development. Additionally, this business sector extends housing-related loans and grants as well as financing for education to private individuals. Financing is provided primarily by means of loan programs (2024: EUR 32.4 billion, 2023: EUR 38.7 billion), mezzanine programs (2024: EUR 45 million, 2023: EUR 11 million) and grant-based programs (2024: EUR 3.4 billion, 2023: EUR 0.4 billion).

In 2024, SME Bank & Private Clients committed financing to improve social living conditions and to support the German economy in an amount of EUR 35.8 billion (2023: EUR 39.1 billion). The following table shows commitments by fields of promotional activity for each of the years indicated.

The commitment volume in SME Bank in 2024 decreased compared to 2023. This development was mainly due to a lower demand for renewable energies and energy efficiency/CO₂ reduction loans. The lower demand can be attributed to persistently weakened economic conditions and EU state aid regulations, which placed certain restrictions on KfW’s ability to offer interest conditions below the EU reference rate. In contrast, commitments. in the Climate-friendly Construction program and federal funding for efficient buildings (including the new subsidy for heating system replacement) were higher than in the previous year.

In 2024, commitments in Environmental investment for Private Clients increased compared to 2023.

According to a representative KfW survey in the German SME sector, known as KfW SME Panel, Germany had an estimated 3.8 million SMEs (defined for the purposes of the survey as companies with an annual group turnover of up to EUR 500 million) in 2023.

SME Bank primarily offers loan programs. Under some loan programs, SME Bank offers a partial exemption from liability to on-lending banks. If an on-lending bank applies for an exemption from liability, KfW bears the risk not retained by the bank and the risk margin is shared pro rata between KfW and the bank.

SME Bank also extends mezzanine capital in the form of unsecured subordinated loans, which contain equity-like elements, combining characteristics of debt and equity capital. In these financings, on-lending banks are not liable to SME Bank for the subordinated loans. The interest rate of these loans takes into account the prevailing rates in the capital markets as well as the borrower’s credit standing and collateral securing the loans. The borrower’s creditworthiness is first assessed by the on-lending bank. However, as KfW assumes the credit risk of the loan, it reserves the right to review and, if necessary, to revise the on-lending bank’s assessment by applying KfW’s own rating standards.

SME Bank provides start-up financing and financial support for general investments for a wide range of purposes, such as investments in property and buildings, in plants or in machinery and equipment. In 2024, commitments in this field amounted to EUR 6.5 billion compared to EUR 7.7 billion in 2023. This decrease was primarily due to the difficult macroeconomic environment in Germany.

SME Bank provides financing for innovations by extending funds for research, development, and digitalization activities, either by providing loans or mezzanine capital. Commitments in the field of innovation financing, with the ERP Promotion for Innovation and Digitalization program being the main contributor, amounted to EUR 1.5 billion in 2024, remaining remained stable compared to 2023.

SME Bank finances environmental protection projects, in particular for measures aiming at increasing energy and resource efficiency, reducing greenhouse gas emissions, or intensifying the use of renewable energy sources. Commitments under SME Bank’s environmental investment programs decreased significantly by EUR 5.9 billion to EUR 5.4 billion in 2024 compared to EUR 11.2 billion in 2023, with demand for renewable energy programs declining to EUR 7.0 million in 2024 compared to EUR 5.5 billion in 2023. The decline in demand for renewable energy programs was mainly due to increased material costs, supply chain issues and a lack of funding opportunities due to the currently high ECB reference interest rate. KfW’s SME Climate Protection Facility (KfW Klimaschutzoffensive für Unternehmen) continued to contribute to the overall growth in commitments under the SME Bank’s environmental investment programs in 2024. Commitments rose to EUR 1.6 billion in 2024 compared to EUR 1.5 billion in 2023.

Housing investment programs in Private Clients provide funds for the promotion of home ownership and the accessibility to or within existing homes. Some of these programs are promoted by federal grants or subsidized through interest rate reductions paid for by federal funds. Commitments in 2024 increased to EUR 6.4 billion from EUR 4.6 billion in 2023, of which EUR 5.3 billion (2023: EUR 4.2 billion) were granted for home ownership promotion programs.

Private Clients supports students and employees in higher education and advanced occupational training with direct loans. Some of these programs are covered by a credit guarantee of the Federal Government and Länder. In 2024, KfW’s commitments decreased to EUR 1.6 billion (2023: EUR 1.9 billion). Commitments under the KfW Student Loan Program amounted to EUR 0.2 billion in 2024 (2023: EUR 0.3 billion).

The environmental investment programs increased to EUR 14.4 billion in 2024 compared to EUR 12.3 billion in 2023. This increase occurred despite a reorganization of the promotion guidelines in 2023 that generally applied stricter criteria for these programs. These criteria primarily reflected higher energy requirements and a greater emphasis on greenhouse gas emissions in the lifecycle of buildings. The main reason for the increase in environmental investment programs in 2024 was the new subsidy for heating system replacement.

KfW’s Customized Finance & Public Clients (Individualfinanzierung & Öffentliche Kunden) business sector provides individual financing solutions for municipal and social infrastructure projects, offers corporate loans and project financing and grants global funding instruments to the Landesförderinstitute and other financial institutions.

The following table shows Customized Finance & Public Clients’ commitments by field of promotional activity for each of the years indicated:

Commitments in the business sector Customized Finance & Public Clients amounted to EUR 41.6 billion in 2024. This figure, an increase from EUR 35.9 billion in 2023, includes prolongations of commitments made in connection with Special Federal Mandates to secure Germany’s energy supply and to support the phased development of a national hydrogen core network by financing an amortization account, in line with Germany’s national hydrogen strategy through 2032. It also includes commitments for compensatory payments disbursed by KfW as paying agent under government support measures aimed at mitigating high energy costs. With regard to the core business, commitments decreased from EUR 10.7 billion to EUR 8.4 billion. In addition, the volume of global funding facilities decreased to EUR 4.2 billion in 2024, compared to EUR 5.1 billion in 2023.

Customized Finance & Public Clients provides financing for investments in municipal and social infrastructure, either as direct loans to municipalities (i.e., local and municipal authorities and municipal special-purpose associations) or through KfW’s ordinary on-lending scheme involving commercial banks. The latter is used for infrastructure investments by private companies that are majority-owned by municipal authorities and social investments made by non-profit organizations. Some of the municipal infrastructure programs are subsidized by federal funds. In total, commitments for municipal infrastructure programs decreased significantly by EUR 14.2 billion to EUR 4.6 billion in 2024 from EUR 18.8 billion in 2023. This decrease was due to KfW’s role as paying agent in the context of government support measures to mitigate high energy costs, which began in January 2023. For more information, see “Domestic Promotional Business—KfW measures to mitigate the economic impact in Germany of Russia’s invasion of Ukraine—Special Federal Mandates by the Federal Government.”

The following table shows Customized Finance & Public Clients’ commitments* designated to global loans and global funding facilities for each of the years indicated:

Customized Finance & Public Clients also grants global loans to selected financial institutions in Germany in order to refinance leasing contracts to SMEs, as well as to selected financial institutions in Europe in order to cooperate in the field of European SME financing. These financial institutions in turn use the proceeds of the global loans to extend individual loans and leases to SMEs. In 2024, non program-based global loans to selected financial institutions in Germany and Europe decreased to EUR 325 million compared to EUR 700 million in 2023. This amount was fully attributable to the refinancing of leasing contracts.

The decrease in Global Funding Facilities to Landesförderinstitute was due to lower refinancing demands by Landesförderinstitute in the first half of 2024, driven by higher market volatility in light of increasing interest rates and weakened economic performance.

Customized Finance & Public Clients offers commercial banks long-term refinancing of export loans covered by an official export credit guarantee of the Federal Government referred to as “Hermes Cover.” These guarantees are managed by Euler Hermes Aktiengesellschaft (“HERMES”) on behalf and for the account of the Federal Government. For more information on HERMES, see “Export and Project Finance (KfW IPEX-Bank)—Business.” In 2024, KfW made commitments of EUR 0.8 billion (2023: EUR 0.8 billion) under this program.

Customized Finance & Public Clients provides corporate loans, project financing and some equity financing. Excluding commitments of EUR 32.5 billion under Special Federal Mandates - EUR 24 billion of which were in support of the development of a national hydrogen core network and EUR 8.5 billion of which were in connection with the support of companies in the energy sector - KfW’s commitments in corporate loans and project financing in 2024 were characterized by a normalized credit demand.

The Federal Government requested KfW to support the construction of a national hydrogen core network by financing an amortization account under Special Federal Mandates with full protection of KfW. On November 26, 2024, KfW committed a EUR 24 billion credit line to finance the amortization account. The core network itself is privately financed. Due to an initially low number of users, a gap between high investment costs and low revenues from network fees is expected during the early ramp-up phase. The amortization account is intended to bridge this gap. If more users are connected to the network at a later stage and the revenue from network fees surpasses the costs for network expansion and operation, the accrued deficit in the amortization account will be offset; and the credit is scheduled to be repaid by 2055 at the latest.

KfW Capital, KfW’s venture capital subsidiary, was incorporated as a legally independent entity on August 31, 2018. KfW Capital’s general partner, KfW Capital Verwaltungs GmbH, is wholly-owned by KfW Capital and was incorporated on August 9, 2018. KfW acts as the limited partner and ultimately is the sole owner of KfW Capital. In the course of 2021, KfW Capital obtained a license as a Class 2 investment firm, i.e., a medium-sized investment firm (Mittleres Wertpapierinstitut) pursuant to the German Securities Institution Act (Wertpapierinstitutsgesetz, WpIG), the German law based on the EU Investment Firm Directive 2019/2034 (IFD) and Investment Firm Regulation 2019/2033 (IFR). As a medium-sized investment firm, KfW Capital is subject to this specific regulatory regime.

The original business objective of KfW Capital was to invest in German and European venture capital and venture debt funds with the aim of improving access to capital for innovative technology-oriented growth companies in Germany through professionally managed funds with a minimum fund size of EUR 50 million. In addition, the Emerging Manager Facility, under which KfW Capital invests government funds from the Future Fund (Zukunftsfonds) in funds managed by diverse management teams, now targets funds with fund sizes below EUR 50 million. At present, KfW Capital only invests in funds and does not invest directly in companies. For the coming years, the targeted average investment volume is around EUR 400 million per year. KfW Capital intends to invest up to a maximum of EUR 75 million into a fund’s capital and to acquire a maximum of 19.99% of a fund’s capital and voting rights (in case of the Emerging Manager Facility and the ERP/Zukunftsfonds Growth Facility, KfW Capital can acquire a maximum of 25% of a fund’s capital and voting rights). Since 2021, KfW Capital has also been mandated on behalf of the Federal Government to promote future technologies through the Future Fund (Zukunftsfonds). Under the Future Fund, KfW Capital invests its own funds at its own risk (“Future Fund KfW Capital”) as well as government funds on a fiduciary basis (“Future Fund Federal Republic”).

Commitments related to KfW Capital decreased to EUR 1.6 billion in 2024, compared to EUR 2.1 billion in 2023. The higher figure in 2023 was primarily due to one-time investments made by KfW Capital on a fiduciary basis (Future Fund Federal Republic) in the European Tech Champions Initiative in that year. Apart from the fiduciary investments under the Future Fund Federal Republic program, commitments of KfW Capital in 2024 mainly reflected investments of EUR 119 million under the ERP/Zukunftsfonds Growth Facility, EUR 60 million under the Green Transition Facility (both Future Fund KfW Capital) and EUR 202 million via the ERP Venture Capital Fund investment program. Investments under the Future Fund KfW Capital program decreased in line with expectations due to KfW Capital’s one-time investment in the European Tech Champions Initiative in 2023. Investments under the Future Fund program of the Federal Republic are guaranteed by the Federal Republic and funding for these programs is refinanced by KfW.

The following table shows the commitments of KfW Capital for each of the years indicated:

KfW IPEX-Bank conducts export and project finance activities which the European Commission deemed to fall outside the scope of KfW’s promotional activities directly and on its own behalf, while it conducts the promotional export and project finance activities in its own name on behalf of KfW on a trust basis. KfW provides funding for KfW IPEX-Bank at market rates based on the ratings assigned to KfW IPEX-Bank by international rating agencies. As of January 1, 2008, and in accordance with the understanding reached between the European Commission and the Federal Republic, KfW IPEX-Bank commenced operations as a legally independent entity wholly-owned by KfW. For more information, see “General—Relationship with the Federal Republic—Understanding with the European Commission.”

Total assets of KfW IPEX-Bank (IFRS, before consolidation) amounted to EUR 38.3 billion as of December 31, 2024 (December 31, 2023: EUR 32.8 billion). Total outstanding loans and guarantees (including promotional activities) for KfW’s business sector Export and Project Finance amounted to EUR 65.6 billion as of December 31, 2024 (December 31, 2023: EUR 59.4 billion). KfW IPEX-Bank is headquartered in Frankfurt am Main, Germany, and maintains a branch office in London, United Kingdom, a subsidiary in Singapore and representative offices in eight locations outside Germany. As of December 31, 2024, KfW IPEX-Bank employed 1,002 persons, excluding managing directors but including temporary personnel (December 31, 2023: 932).

In 2022, KfW IPEX-Bank Asia Ltd, a wholly-owned subsidiary of KfW IPEX-Bank, commenced its business activities in Singapore with a share capital of SGD 16.5 million under a merchant bank license issued by the Monetary Authority of Singapore (MAS). IPEX Asia Ltd. is fully consolidated under the existing profit transfer agreement between KfW IPEX-Bank and KfW Beteiligungsholding GmbH, a wholly-owned subsidiary of KfW, described below.

In accordance with the understanding with the European Commission, KfW IPEX-Bank has obtained a banking license and is subject to the KWG and the corporate tax regime. KfW IPEX-Bank is approved as an IRBA (internal ratings-based approach) bank under the Basel II rules by the relevant German supervisory authorities – BaFin and the Deutsche Bundesbank. With respect to the SSM, until December 31, 2024, KfW IPEX-Bank did not qualify as a significant credit institution and was therefore not directly supervised by the ECB, but rather was supervised by BaFin in cooperation with Deutsche Bundesbank. Because KfW IPEX-Bank’s total assets (IFRS, before consolidation) amounted to EUR 38.3 billion as of December 31, 2024, KfW IPEX-Bank now qualifies as a significant credit institution and, as a result, has been under direct supervision by the ECB from the beginning of 2025. For additional information on KfW IPEX-Bank and the SSM, see “KfW—General—Supervision and Regulation—Regulation—Supervisory Structure and Enforcement Powers.” For more information on the SSM, see “Federal Republic of Germany—Monetary and Financial System—Financial System— European Financial System—European System of Financial Supervision and European Banking Union.”

KfW IPEX-Bank (controlled company; including its fully consolidated subsidiary IPEX Asia Ltd.) signed a profit transfer agreement with KfW Beteiligungsholding GmbH (controlling company) in order to form a corporate income tax (CIT) fiscal unity. Under this profit transfer agreement, KfW IPEX-Bank is required to transfer its entire annual profit under applicable German commercial law to KfW Beteiligungsholding GmbH effective from the end of the fiscal year ended December 31, 2016.

KfW IPEX-Bank focuses on supporting the internationalization and the competitiveness of internationally active German and European companies and offers project, export and trade financing. It provides medium and long-term investment and export financing in the form of amortizing loans, guarantees or leasing financing as well as project, object and acquisition financing. KfW IPEX-Bank also offers derivative instruments to allow its clients to hedge interest and currency risk and instruments for short-term trade financing, such as participations in letters of credit.

With the consent of the Federal Government, KfW delegated the mandate of the management of the Shipping CIRR Program and the ERP (European Recovery Program) Export Financing Program to KfW IPEX-Bank. Both programs are executed by KfW IPEX-Bank, applying strict ethical walls. The programs offer fixed interest rate loans to buyers based on the CIRR (Commercial Interest Reference Rate), which is a minimum interest rate prescribed by the OECD for officially supported financings in order to ensure competitive neutrality. The Shipping CIRR Program is open to banks financing ships built in German shipyards and offers a refinancing option through KfW. The ERP Export Financing Program supports lending for German exports to emerging and developing countries combined with fixed refinancing through KfW. These loans are supported through the ERP. In the past, lending of CIRR based loans in the ERP Program was provided through KfW IPEX-Bank and via AKA Ausfuhrkredit-Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung, both as lenders of record.

Since January 2017, all banks eligible for buyer credit cover (Hermes cover) may directly apply to the ERP Export Financing Program.

KfW, on behalf of the Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy (now named Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Climate Action), has launched the Africa CIRR export financing program (“Africa CIRR”). The program aims to strengthen economic cooperation with Africa. Specifically, Africa CIRR is designed to support loans to finance large-volume German exports and to promote the economy in African buyer countries. All credit institutions eligible to apply for buyer credit cover from the Federal Republic (so-called Hermes cover) are eligible for the Africa CIRR. The Federal Republic mandated KfW and KfW designated KfW IPEX-Bank to administer the program.

KfW IPEX-Bank’s principal customers are German and European companies (and their customers) with international operations and larger medium-sized companies in basic and manufacturing industries as well as in the retail, health, telecommunications, power/renewables, water, shipping, aviation, rail, transport and social infrastructure sectors. In 2022, the KfW IPEX-Bank Management Board together with KfW, its sole shareholder, decided to implement an organizational repositioning within its business model. Following the technical implementation of this decision, the seven sectors in place until December 31, 2023, have been grouped into four future- oriented sectors: (1) the energy sector aiming at the transformation of the energy industry, primarily via wind power, solar energy and hydrogen, as well as water and waste management infrastructure; (2) the mobility sector striving for the transformation of the maritime and aviation industries, as well as climate-friendly mobility and transport; (3) the infrastructure sector supporting the roll-out of digital infrastructure, charging infrastructure, grid-based energy infrastructure, air and sea ports, as well as the construction industry, among others; and (4) the industry & commerce sector for metal and mining, commodity trading, financial institutions, and the automotive industry and retail, among others. In addition, KfW IPEX-Bank will continue to provide structured financing for exports and infrastructure, as well as financing for global climate change mitigation and raw materials supplies in Europe. The sectoral repositioning described above took effect as of January 1, 2024, and KfW IPEX-Bank’s commitments have been reported accordingly since the first quarter of 2024.

Traditionally, the bulk of loans extended by KfW IPEX-Bank has been used for export and project financing to buyers of German or European exports. In recent years, KfW IPEX-Bank has increasingly extended loans to finance direct investments by German enterprises and other corporate purposes linked to the internationalization of German companies. In addition, KfW IPEX-Bank co-finances large-scale infrastructure projects and means of transport (e.g., airplanes and vessels) in the German and European transport sector. KfW IPEX-Bank also provides, as part of its core business, financing for environment and climate protection projects. Finally, KfW IPEX-Bank’s loans are also used to secure sources of raw materials for the German and European industry.

KfW IPEX-Bank’s loans are generally extended directly to the ultimate borrower, and KfW IPEX-Bank grants a significant portion of these loans at its own risk. KfW IPEX-Bank regularly cooperates with other financial institutions by way of consortia and syndications. In some cases, KfW IPEX-Bank may arrange for commercial banks to assume the risk on portions of loans made by KfW IPEX-Bank through risk-participations, for which KfW IPEX-Bank pays a fee to the bank assuming the risk. KfW IPEX-Bank is eligible to act as on-lending bank under certain of KfW’s promotional programs. In 2024, KfW IPEX-Bank refinanced loan commitments for export and project finance under KfW’s promotional programs in an amount of EUR 0.4 billion (2023: EUR 1.3 billion).

From time to time, KfW IPEX-Bank also enters into framework loan agreements with non-German banks, which enable such banks to extend loans to their customers for the purpose of importing equipment from German or other European exporters. Because the amounts of individual loans are usually small, the related transaction costs are relatively high. The framework agreements help to reduce these transaction costs.

Loans extended by KfW IPEX-Bank are usually secured by collateral and often benefit from a payment guarantee or other security arrangement. Loans extended to finance direct investments may benefit from an investment guarantee against political risk by the Federal Republic if the host country risk is assessed to be substantial.

A portion of export finance loans extended by KfW IPEX-Bank is guaranteed by the Federal Republic through HERMES, the official German export credit insurer. HERMES insurance covers up to 95% – in some instances even up to 100% – of KfW IPEX-Bank’s export and project finance business risk, so that the risk of the portion covered is the equivalent of the Federal Government’s risk. HERMES also provides coverage for related deliveries from other, mainly European, countries provided that they do not exceed a certain portion of the total delivery for which an export finance loan was extended. Furthermore, KfW IPEX-Bank’s financing frequently benefits from a guarantee by a foreign export credit agency or a government instrumentality in the buyer’s country.

For borrowers in other European and OECD countries where the country risk is not considered high, KfW IPEX-Bank has been increasingly extending loans on the basis of ordinary banking collateral (e.g., mortgages on aircraft or ships) without seeking the benefit of HERMES or similar coverage. In addition, even when HERMES coverage is sought, KfW IPEX-Bank often extends loans on which the insured portion is less than 95%. As of December 31, 2024, outstanding loans and guarantees (including promotional activities) outside Germany for KfW’s business sector Export and Project Finance amounted to EUR 48.7 billion, of which EUR 7.6 billion, or 16%, were export finance loans which are fully or partly guaranteed by HERMES.

The following table shows commitments in KfW’s business sector Export and Project Finance for each of the years indicated:

In 2024, total commitments of the Export and Project Finance business sector, at EUR 23.9 billion, remained stable at close to the prior-year level of EUR 24.2 billion. As in 2023, the 2024 figure included commitments under the CIRR scheme for bank refinancing, which is supported by the federal budget. With the consent of the Federal Government, KfW has delegated the mandate for the CIRR scheme for bank refinancing to KfW IPEX-Bank.

Despite ongoing global geopolitical tensions, strong demand for sustainable transformation of businesses and business models, as well as demand for innovative technologies, provided numerous projects for our customers. This, in turn, enabled KfW IPEX-Bank to maintain commitments at levels similar to those of the prior year. All four of KfW IPEX-Bank’s new sectors under the sectoral repositioning that took effect at the beginning of 2024 contributed to total new commitments.

The following table shows KfW IPEX-Bank’s total commitments* for the years indicated and commitments by sector for 2024:

Due to the sectoral repositioning described above, prior year numbers by sector are not available.

Sustainability-linked projects created numerous financing opportunities for KfW IPEX-Bank, e.g., energy transition projects and digital infrastructure innovation projects. Commitments (excluding those under the CIRR scheme for bank refinancing) amounted to EUR 22.4 billion in 2024. The highest commitment volumes were achieved in the Mobility sector with EUR 7.2 billion, Industries and Commerce with EUR 5.7 billion, followed by Infrastructure with EUR 5.1 billion and Energy with EUR 4.4 billion. For a description of the re-grouping of KfW IPEX-Bank’s sectors with effect from January 1, 2024, see “—Business” above.

Commitments under the CIRR scheme for bank refinancing increased slightly in 2024 to EUR 1.5 billion (2023: EUR 0.9 billion).

In 2024, KfW IPEX-Bank’s commitments were reported for the following three regions: (1) Germany; (2) Europe (excluding Germany, but including Russia and Turkey); and (3) the rest of the world. In 2024, KfW IPEX-Bank’s commitments for project and export financing (excluding the CIRR scheme for bank refinancing) within Germany increased to EUR 7.5 billion from EUR 6.0 billion in 2023. In 2024, commitments in Europe (excluding Germany, but including Russia and Turkey) decreased to EUR 8.0 billion from EUR 8.9 billion in 2023. KfW IPEX-Bank’s commitments in the rest of the world decreased to EUR 6.9 billion in 2024 compared to commitments of EUR 8.4 billion in 2023. Commitments under the CIRR scheme for bank refinancing (2024: EUR 1.5 billion; 2023: EUR 0.9 billion) are trans-regional.

The following table shows KfW IPEX-Bank’s commitments* by product for each of the years indicated:

The funds for KfW IPEX-Bank’s commitments are mainly provided by KfW through borrowings in the capital markets. KfW provides funding to KfW IPEX-Bank’s international project and export finance business at market rates based on the ratings assigned to KfW IPEX-Bank by international rating agencies. For those areas of export finance which the European Commission has deemed to fall within the scope of the promotional activities of KfW, funds from the ERP Special Fund may also be used to subsidize interest rates. In 2024, EUR 16 million of loan disbursements were supported by the ERP Special Fund (2023: EUR 18 million).

The terms of export and project finance loans funded in the capital markets are based on the cost of funds to KfW, plus a margin intended to cover the administrative cost of the loan, the credit risk and a return on capital. Because the Federal Republic is a member of the OECD, loans financed with funds from the ERP Special Fund or under the CIRR scheme for the shipping industry are required to comply with OECD regulations, which provide for minimum interest rates and maximum credit periods. Margins on these loans are generally intended to cover all the risks of such loans as well as administrative costs and a return on capital. In addition, KfW IPEX-Bank charges customary banking fees for reserving and providing financing and for processing. Loans denominated in currencies other than euros are hedged through matched funding or other mechanisms.

Under the brand name KfW Entwicklungsbank, KfW acts as the Federal Republic’s international development bank, extending loans and disbursing grants mainly to foreign public sector borrowers and recipients. In 2024, approximately 37% of these loans and grants were refinanced from federal budget funds provided to KfW. All of KfW’s international development activities are made according to instructions from the Federal Government or, in the case of mandates, i.e., grants funded by governmental or supranational entities and distributed using KfW’s expertise and channels, from the respective donor. Mandates and all funds from the Federal Government involved in loan commitments and grants do not, by their nature, appear on KfW’s consolidated statement of financial position.

KfW extends financial cooperation (Finanzielle Zusammenarbeit, “FZ”) loans in three ways:

Generally, interested foreign governments submit applications for financial cooperation to the Federal Government, which then asks KfW to appraise the proposed projects. In the case of Financial Cooperation Promotional Loans, project sponsors may submit their proposals directly to KfW. KfW maintains a staff of economists, engineers and other specialists to assist in the appraisal and development of projects. KfW receives fees from the Federal Republic for loans and grants extended for the account of the Federal Government and Financial Cooperation Development Loans, calculated as a percentage of outstanding loans and grants, as far as they are financed out of the federal budget. Based on KfW’s appraisal and its recommendation, the Federal Republic decides whether it will fund a particular project. Upon a favorable decision and upon determination of the terms and conditions of financing, KfW enters into a loan or grant agreement with the recipient country or, if applicable, the individual agency responsible for the project, in which case the obligations under that agreement would then usually be fully guaranteed by the respective recipient country.

Financial cooperation loans and grants are disbursed according to the progress of the relevant project, and KfW monitors the utilization of funds to ensure compliance with the provisions of the loan or grant agreement.

The following table shows KfW Entwicklungsbank’s commitments for each of the years indicated:

Total commitments of KfW Entwicklungsbank decreased by 13% to EUR 7.8 billion in 2024 from EUR 9.0 billion in 2023. The relative share of loan commitments that were refinanced in the capital markets increased to 95% in 2024, from 93% in 2023.

In 2024, Asia accounted for 21% of KfW Entwicklungsbank’s commitments (2023: 22%); Sub-Saharan Africa accounted for 26% (2023: 29%); Middle East/North Africa accounted for 19% (2023: 15%); Europe/Caucasus accounted for 16% (2023: 19%); Latin America accounted for 13% (2023: 13%); and trans-regional commitments accounted for 5% (2023: 3%).

The following table shows KfW Entwicklungsbank’s commitments* by sector for each of the years indicated and as a percentage of its total commitments:

DEG, a German limited liability company, is a legally independent entity founded in 1962. DEG is based in Cologne, Germany. In 2001, KfW acquired DEG from the Federal Republic. Since then, KfW has been DEG’s sole shareholder and DEG has been fully consolidated in KfW’s consolidated financial statements. As of December 31, 2024, DEG maintained 12 representative offices in developing countries or emerging economies. In 2024, DEG employed an average of 753 persons (2023: 724). As of December 31, 2024, DEG’s total assets (IFRS, before consolidation) amounted to EUR 9.2 billion (2023: EUR 8.3 billion).

DEG’s activities focus on corporates, project finance, financial institutions and funds investing in Africa, Asia, Latin America, and Central and Eastern Europe. DEG promotes private enterprise structures, thus contributing to sustainable economic growth, lasting improvement in the living conditions of the local population and the global Sustainable Development Goals. To this end, DEG provides long-term financing for private enterprises investing in developing countries. In addition, DEG offers customized consultancy services, for example, in the areas of environmental management, corporate governance, resource efficiency or training and skills.

DEG conducts its activities in accordance with the principles of subsidiarity, thus in cooperation with commercial banks rather than in competition with them. It does not provide subsidized financing, but instead offers financing solely on commercial terms and conditions (apart from smaller state support programs within the framework of the support for German companies in developing and emerging countries). DEG also seeks to mobilize other partners in order to raise additional capital for its clients’ investments.

Serving public policy objectives of the Federal Government, DEG has been granted a favorable tax status under which only part of DEG’s activities is subject to CIT. DEG does not distribute profits but instead re-channels them into new investments.

DEG’s obligations do not benefit from the Guarantee of the Federal Republic or from Anstaltslast, and while DEG’s indebtedness is reflected in KfW’s consolidated statement of financial position, its debt represents obligations of DEG and not of KfW. KfW and DEG have a refinancing agreement in place, pursuant to which KfW acts as sole issuer in the capital markets and provides DEG with mid- and long-term capital market funds according to DEG’s capital needs. In addition, internal agreements have been reached concerning the respective fields of business activities, the mutual use of offices abroad, joint public relations activities and joint usage of several information technology services.

KfW’s Financial Markets business sector comprises the group’s treasury activities, including its funding activities and its financial asset management. Furthermore, this business sector manages KfW’s asset-backed securities (“ABS”) as well as KfW’s green bond portfolio, which are all part of KfW’s promotional activities, as well as other capital markets-related activities currently consisting of privatization initiatives relating to Deutsche Telekom AG (“Deutsche Telekom”) and Deutsche Post AG (“Deutsche Post”).

KfW’s principal sources of funds are the international financial markets and public funds, with the majority of lending in its business sectors being financed from funds raised by KfW in the international financial markets. KfW Group’s consolidated balance sheet total assets at December 31, 2024 amounted to EUR 545.4 billion. EUR 493.0 billion, or 90.4% of this amount, was financed through borrowings (i.e., from financial market funds or public funds). In addition, as of December 31, 2024, KfW had EUR 22.9 billion in liabilities held in trust (for which the Federal Government mostly provides the funding and assumes all risks), which do not appear on KfW’s consolidated statement of financial position. In line with the focus on mid-term and long-term loans within its loan portfolio resulting from its promotional business, as of December 31, 2024, 81% of KfW’s consolidated total borrowings outstanding had remaining maturities of one year or more.

KfW raises short-term and long-term funds in the international financial markets through the issuance of bonds and notes (including commercial paper) and by incurring promissory note loans (Schuldscheindarlehen). Long-term funding with initial maturities of more than one year (“capital-market funding”) represents the most important source of funding. Short-term borrowings with initial maturities of less than one year in the form of commercial paper (“money-market funding”) are primarily used for purposes of KfW’s liquidity management. As of December 31, 2024, the percentage of capital-market funding outstanding out of total financial-market funds outstanding was 93%.

All amounts stated in connection with KfW’s capital-market and money-market funding transactions or funding volume are, unless stated otherwise, based on net proceeds to KfW, which are calculated as principal amount less discount and underwriting commissions, if any.

Capital-Market Funding. KfW’s capital-market funding policy pursues a dual objective: to achieve the most favorable terms possible for funds raised in the capital markets; and to minimize, to the extent practicable, the effects of changes in interest rates and foreign exchange rates mainly through interest rate and currency risk hedging instruments and, to a more limited extent, by matching funding liabilities with loan assets. In order to achieve favorable terms for funds raised, KfW maintains an active presence in all major capital markets and utilizes a broad range of funding instruments in various currencies, covering a wide range of maturities.

KfW’s capital-market funding instruments comprise four categories of instruments: bonds issued under KfW’s benchmark programs (in euro or U.S. dollar, under KfW’s European medium-term note program or its SEC-registered debt shelf); bonds publicly placed outside the benchmark programs; bonds sold in “private placements,” a term KfW uses in the commercial sense to refer to sales to a specific investor or a limited number of investors; and “green bonds”, which comprise bonds from any of the first three categories, the proceeds of which are linked to investments financed by KfW currently in the project categories Renewable Energy, Green Buildings (formerly Energy Efficiency), Clean Transportation, Biodiversity and Climate Protection Programme for Corporates. In 2024, benchmark bonds accounted for a funding volume of EUR 50.2 billion, or 64%, of KfW’s total capital-market funding, while bonds placed publicly outside the benchmark programs accounted for EUR 10.7 billion, or 14%. The volume of bonds sold in private placements and of green bonds amounted to EUR 4.9 billion, or 6%, and EUR 12.2 billion, or 16%, respectively. Total capital-market funding in 2024 amounted to EUR 78.1 billion (2023: EUR 90.2 billion). With respect to refinancing its funding requirements resulting from the KfW Special Program and from its support of companies in the energy sector under Special Federal Mandates, KfW has had access to an additional source of financing through the German Economic Stabilization Fund (Wirtschaftsstabilisierungsfonds – WSF). Refinancing through the WSF in 2023 totaled EUR 6.9 billion, of which EUR 2.0 billion related to the KfW Special Program and EUR 4.9 billion related to the support of companies in the energy sector, whereas in 2024, KfW did not use the WSF for refinancing.

KfW expects its volume of long-term funding to be raised in the capital markets in 2025 to be in a range of EUR 65 billion to EUR 75 billion, of which EUR 10 billion are expected to be green bonds.

In 2024, KfW conducted seven new bond issuances as well as 12 re-openings (18 transactions in total in 2024) in an aggregate principal amount of EUR 37 billion under its euro benchmark program. Also in 2024, KfW conducted four new bond issuances in an aggregate principal amount of USD 16 billion under its U.S. dollar benchmark program.

In 2024, KfW’s total new capital-market funding was raised in eight different currencies and 145 separate capital markets transactions. KfW’s core currencies are the euro and the U.S. dollar, which together accounted for 86% of KfW’s total new capital-market funding in 2024 (2023: 83%). The percentage of new funds raised in euros, which continues to be KfW’s most significant funding currency, increased from 54% in 2023 to 62% in 2024, whereas the percentage of new funds raised in U.S. dollars decreased from 29% to 25% over the same period. The percentage of new funds raised in pounds sterling remained stable at 9% in 2024, which made it KfW’s third most significant funding currency in 2024.

In connection with its green bond issuances, KfW has a Green Bond Framework in place that reflects international best practices and is aligned with the 2021 edition of the “Green Bond Principles” (including June 2022 Appendix 1) supported by the International Capital Market Association (“ICMA”). In December 2023, KfW published an updated Green Bond Framework on its website, which is applicable to issuances of green bonds by KfW from January 1, 2024 onwards. Under the updated Green Bond Framework, the proceeds from such green bond issuances may be linked to promotional loan programs and to financing provided by KfW in the context of international cooperation and project and export finance in the eligible project categories Renewable Energy, Green Buildings (formerly Energy Efficiency), Clean Transportation, Biodiversity and Climate Protection Programme for Corporates. Through its green bond issuances, KfW aims to broaden its investor base by addressing socially responsible investors and to enhance the capital markets’ infrastructure for financing environmental projects that have the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions as their common objective. Net proceeds from the sale of its green bonds and requests for disbursements under the eligible environmental projects are tracked by KfW in an appropriate manner. KfW provides investors with information regarding the use of proceeds in terms of disbursements on a regular basis on its website. Unless otherwise indicated, information available on, or accessible through, KfW’s website is not incorporated herein by reference. In 2024, KfW conducted 8 new green bond issuances in 7 currencies as well as one re-opening. In total, green bonds accounted for net proceeds of EUR 12.2 billion, or 15.7%, of KfW’s total capital-market funding.

The most important sources of capital-market funding for KfW are bond and note issuances followed by promissory note loans. As of December 31, 2024, the amount of outstanding bonds and notes issued by KfW totaled EUR 423.0 billion, representing a EUR 8.4 billion increase from EUR 414.6 billion outstanding as of December 31, 2023.

Of outstanding borrowings, promissory note loans continue to be KfW’s second most important capital-market funding instrument, with a book value of EUR 26.0 billion as of December 31, 2024. Of this amount, EUR 25.1 billion was recognized as financial liabilities at amortized cost (of which EUR 1.1 billion as liabilities to banks and EUR 24.0 billion as liabilities to customers) and EUR 0.9 billion was recognized as financial liabilities at fair value (of which EUR 0.2 billion as liabilities to banks and EUR 0.7 billion as liabilities to customers). The decrease in the book value of promissory note loans from EUR 40.2 billion in 2023 to EUR 26.0 billion in 2024 is largely due to decreased refinancing via the WSF. Promissory note loans are a special instrument of the German capital markets, under which the lending entity (generally a bank, insurance company or public pension fund) receives a certificate evidencing its loan to the borrower and the terms of such loan. Maturities on promissory note loans range from one to 30 years, thereby providing a high degree of flexibility to both the borrower and the lender. Transferable only by way of assignment, promissory note loans have only limited liquidity in the interbank secondary market.

The following table sets forth summary information concerning KfW’s outstanding bonds and notes as well as promissory note loans with an initial maturity of more than one year and issued in the capital markets.

Money-Market Funding. KfW issues commercial paper under two commercial paper programs: the EUR 90 billion multicurrency commercial paper program and the USD 30 billion commercial paper program. As of December 31, 2024, KfW Group’s commercial paper outstanding totaled EUR 32.5 billion (December 31, 2023: EUR 37.7 billion).

As of December 31, 2024, the proportion of public funds in KfW Group’s borrowings was 5%. The most important source of public funds for KfW is the budget of the Federal Republic. Total long-term and short-term borrowings from funds provided by the federal budget (excluding loans on a trust basis) amounted to EUR 26.1 billion as of December 31, 2024 (December 31, 2023: EUR 44.2 billion). KfW Group’s long-term and short-term borrowings from the ERP Special Fund amounted to EUR 342 million as of December 31, 2024 (December 31, 2023: EUR 315 million). Public funds are made available to KfW Group for use in special categories of KfW’s domestic activities and certain export and project finance transactions with developing countries.

Public funds are particularly important in the area of financial cooperation, where KfW Entwicklungsbank extends loans and disburses grants to foreign public sector borrowers and recipients in developing countries and emerging economies. Federal budget funds constituted approximately 37% of the sources of funding for KfW Entwicklungsbank’s commitments in 2024. Funds from the Federal Government involved in loan commitments and grants of KfW Entwicklungsbank do not, by their nature, appear on KfW’s consolidated statement of financial position. For more information see “KfW Entwicklungsbank (KfW Development Bank).”

KfW generally enters into derivatives transactions for hedging purposes in connection with its financing and funding activities. Accordingly, a substantial majority of its derivatives are interest- or currency-related derivatives. KfW Group does not enter into derivatives for trading purposes and does not facilitate the purchase of derivatives on behalf of any entities outside the group through brokerage or similar agency activities.

The following tables provide detailed information on the group’s derivatives exposures:

KfW Group’s derivatives activities are reflected in its consolidated statement of financial position in the line items “Financial assets at fair value”, “Financial liabilities at fair value” and “Derivatives designated for hedge accounting.” For additional information on KfW Group’s derivatives exposure, see notes 8, 9, 39, 40, 49, 50, 57, 58 and 59 to the financial statements included in Exhibit (e) to this annual report. For more information on interest and currency risks related to derivatives as well as counterparty default risks, see “Combined management report—Risk report—Types of risk—Credit risk” and “—Market price risk,” respectively, included in Exhibit (e) to this annual report.

As of December 31, 2024, KfW Group held securities and investments in an amount of EUR 43.1 billion (December 31, 2023: EUR 40.6 billion). See “Combined management report—Economic report—Development of net assets of KfW Group” included in Exhibit (e) to this annual report for more information concerning securities and investments. EUR 35.6 billion, or 82%, of all securities and investments were held in the form of fixed-income securities for liquidity purposes in KfW’s liquidity portfolio. Equity participations held directly or indirectly by KfW amounted to EUR 5.1 billion. The remaining securities and investments were securities held as a surrogate for loans or as equity investments in the context of KfW Group’s promotional business (e.g., KfW’s green bond portfolio, KfW’s ABS portfolio, or DEG’s direct investments).

KfW pursues a conservative liquidity management strategy. For this purpose, KfW holds financial assets in its liquidity portfolio in an amount of EUR 35.6 billion as of December 31, 2024 (December 31, 2023: EUR 34.1 billion). The bulk of securities held in this portfolio is denominated in euro. KfW purchases medium-term securities issued by banks, primarily covered bonds (Pfandbriefe), bonds of public sector issuers and supranational institutions or agencies as well as ABS and ABCP investments. The bulk of euro-denominated bonds included in KfW’s liquidity portfolio is eligible as collateral with the ECB and enables KfW to enter into repurchase agreements in refinancing operations within the European System of Central Banks via the Deutsche Bundesbank. For financial reporting purposes, securities denominated in U.S. dollar or GBP were converted into euro at the currency exchange rate as of December 31, 2024. In addition to these securities, as of December 31, 2024, KfW held money-market assets (overnight and term loans as well as reverse repurchase transactions) for liquidity management purposes in an amount of EUR 26.6 billion (December 31, 2023: EUR 20.7 billion).

As a signatory to the United Nations-supported “Principles for Responsible Investment” (PRI), KfW is committed to managing its liquidity portfolio in a sustainable manner. KfW uses exclusion criteria for its liquidity portfolio that are based on the exclusion list of KfW Group. ESG risks are evaluated in a structured manner using an ESG risk profile tool and taken into account in the internal rating process.

The portfolio of equity investments and shares in non-consolidated subsidiaries increased by EUR 0.6 billion to EUR 5.1 billion in 2024 (December 31, 2023: EUR 4.5 billion). This increase was due to portfolio growth at KfW Capital and DEG.

As of December 31, 2024, the promotional green bond portfolio volume amounted to EUR 2.1 billion (December 31, 2023: EUR 2.4 billion). KfW’s promotional green bond activities ended as of December 31, 2023. The remaining outstanding portfolio volume will decrease gradually with amortizations.

As of December 31, 2024, the promotional ABS portfolio volume amounted to EUR 5 million (December 31, 2023: EUR 17 million). KfW’s capital markets-based promotional activities for SMEs ended as of December 31, 2019. The remaining outstanding portfolio volume will decrease gradually with amortizations.

The Federal Government mandated KfW to take measures with respect to the privatization of Deutsche Telekom and Deutsche Post.

Pursuant to a Special Federal Mandate, KfW has acquired and sold shares of both Deutsche Telekom and Deutsche Post in various transactions since 1997. In furtherance of the privatization initiatives of the Federal Government, KfW sold those shares through German and international public offerings, private placements, block trades, exchangeable bonds and other transactions. Pursuant to an arms-length agreement with the Federal Government, KfW is protected against the market risk of these transactions. The agreement provides that KfW will receive a percentage of any market value increase in the shares acquired and sold, plus a fee for its services.

As of December 31, 2024, KfW’s total ownership interest in Deutsche Telekom amounted to approximately 696.8 million ordinary shares compared to approximately 829.2 million ordinary shares as of December 31, 2023. This represented a stake of approximately 14.0% in Deutsche Telekom (December 31, 2023: 16.6%). In the second quarter of 2024, KfW sold 22.4 million shares of Deutsche Telekom over the market, followed by a sale of 110 million shares of Deutsche Telekom on the basis of an accelerated bookbuild offering to institutional investors on June 6, 2024.

As of December 31, 2024, KfW’s total ownership interest in Deutsche Post amounted to approximately 203.9 million ordinary shares compared to December 31, 2023 with approximately 253.9 million ordinary shares. This represented a stake of approximately 17.0% in Deutsche Post (December 31, 2023: 20.5%). On February 9, 2024, KfW sold 50 million shares of Deutsche Post AG on the basis of an accelerated bookbuild offering to institutional investors.

Given the agreement with the Federal Government described above, KfW’s holdings in shares of Deutsche Post and Deutsche Telekom are presented on KfW’s consolidated statement of financial position as Financial Assets at Fair Value, which are classified as “Loans and advances to customers – FVM.”

KfW supports the Federal Republic in conducting EU-wide financial support measures for Greece. In 2010, the Federal Government gave KfW a Special Federal Mandate to participate in a loan facility to Greece on behalf of the Federal Republic. All risks resulting from this loan facility are covered by a guarantee of the Federal Republic. As of December 31, 2024, the total amount outstanding of this loan to Greece amounted to EUR 9.1 billion (December 31, 2023: EUR 11.4 billion).

KfW manages a number of direct and indirect strategic shareholdings, which include wholly-owned subsidiaries as well as shareholdings in other companies taken in the ordinary course of KfW’s business as well as a number of investments made in companies pursuant to Special Federal Mandates.

KfW’s most important strategic shareholdings are DEG (100%) and KfW Capital (100%), which are both directly held by KfW, as well as KfW IPEX-Bank GmbH (100%), which is held indirectly via KfW’s wholly-owned subsidiary KfW Beteiligungsholding GmbH. For a description of these entities and their operations, see “KfW Capital”, “Export and Project Finance (KfW IPEX-Bank)” and “DEG – Deutsche Investitions- und Entwicklungsgesellschaft mbH” above.

Furthermore, KfW directly holds stakes in Finanzierungs- und Beratungsgesellschaft mbH (100%), tbg Technologie-Beteiligungs- Gesellschaft mbH (100%), Berliner Energieagentur GmbH (25%), Elia Group (0.25%), True Sale International GmbH (7.7%) and the European Investment Fund (2.3%). In June 2019, KfW participated in a capital increase of Elia System Operator SA/NV and acquired a 0.25% stake in the company at its own risk. Elia System Operator SA/NV was renamed Elia Group SA/NV in 2023 and is the 100% holding company of Eurogrid International NV/SA which holds 80% of Eurogrid GmbH. For information on KfW’s 20% shareholding in Eurogrid GmbH, see “— KfW’s Shareholdings Pursuant to Special Federal Mandates of the Federal Government — 50Hertz Transmission GmbH”.

KfW’s Shareholdings Pursuant to Special Federal Mandates of the Federal Government

KfW’s investments in Airbus SE, 50Herz Transmission GmbH, CureVac N.V., HENSOLDT AG (“Hensoldt”), TransnetBW GmbH and German LNG Terminal GmbH, as well as KfW’s investments in Deutsche Telekom and Deutsche Post (see “Financial Markets— Privatization Initiatives”), were made pursuant to a Special Federal Mandate in accordance with article 2 paragraph 4 of the KfW Law, which authorizes the Federal Government to direct KfW to take measures in connection with matters in which the Federal Republic has an interest. These investments were made at the Federal Republic’s economic risk and the opportunities and risks of these investments lie with the Federal Republic.

The stakes in CureVac N.V. (13.3%), HENSOLDT AG (25.1%) and German LNG Terminal GmbH (50.0%) are held directly by KfW. KfW’s shareholding in Airbus SE (9.1%) is held indirectly via various entities. KfW’s shareholding in 50Herz Transmission GmbH (20.0%) is held indirectly via a subsidiary of KfW (Selent Netzbetreiber GmbH), and KfW’s shareholding TransnetBW GmbH (24.95%) is also held via a subsidiary of KfW (Expand Netzbetreiber GmbH).

In 2007, KfW, together with 14 other investors, agreed to jointly acquire from DaimlerChrysler group (now Mercedes-Benz Group) a stake of, at that time, 7.5% in European Aeronautic Defence and Space Company N.V. (“EADS”), the economic interest of which was held through the special purpose vehicle Dedalus GmbH & Co. KGaA (“Dedalus”). In connection with a further reduction by the Daimler group (now Mercedes-Benz Group) of its stake in EADS in December 2012, the Federal Government, which regards the ownership structure of EADS as a matter of strategic national interest, agreed on a revised government shareholding agreement with EADS, France and Spain, which allows the Federal Government to directly or indirectly own an equity stake of up to 12% in EADS. In this context, the Federal Government mandated KfW to directly or indirectly acquire and hold an equity stake of up to 12% in EADS on behalf of the Federal Republic.

At the beginning of April 2013, France, Germany and Spain entered into a supplemental shareholders’ agreement, which provided for the dissolution of the Dedalus consortium and for KfW and the remaining investors to hold their respective equity stakes in EADS directly and indirectly through Gesellschaft zur Beteiligungsverwaltung GZBV mbH & Co. KG (“GZBV”). At the end of 2013, GZBV increased its equity stake in EADS by buying approximately 1.87 million shares. In 2015, EADS transformed its legal form into a European company (Societas Europaea) and changed its legal name to Airbus Group SE. In April 2017, following approval by the annual general meeting, the legal name was changed into Airbus SE. As of December 31, 2023, KfW held, through GZBV, an equity stake of approximately 9.1% in Airbus SE. Together with the other investors’ interests in GZBV, GZBV held a total equity stake of 10.82% in Airbus SE.

In July 2018, the Federal Government gave KfW a Special Federal Mandate to acquire a 20% shareholding in Eurogrid International CVBA/SCRL (“Eurogrid International”, now Eurogrid International SA/NV). The transaction closed in August 2018. Under the mandate, all economic risks resulting from KfW’s investment are covered by a guarantee of the Federal Republic. At the time of the acquisition, Eurogrid International indirectly held all shares in the German transmission systems operator 50Hertz Transmission GmbH via its wholly-owned subsidiary Eurogrid GmbH.

In June 2019, KfW swapped its 20% equity stake in Eurogrid International for a 20% equity stake in Eurogrid GmbH in accordance with the Special Federal Mandate. This share swap was executed to simplify the holding structure. KfW’s stake in Eurogrid GmbH is now held via Selent Netzbetreiber GmbH, a wholly-owned subsidiary of KfW. The German transmission system operator 50Hertz Transmission GmbH is a wholly-owned subsidiary of Eurogrid GmbH, incorporated in Berlin, Germany.

In July 2022, the Federal Government gave KfW a further Special Federal Mandate to contribute an amount of EUR 50 million via KfW’s wholly-owned subsidiary Selent Netzbetreiber GmbH into the capital reserves of Eurogrid GmbH. The amount was provided to Eurogrid GmbH on August 5, 2022.

In July 2023, the Federal Government gave KfW a further Special Federal Mandate to contribute an amount of EUR 24 million via KfW’s wholly-owned subsidiary Selent Netzbetreiber GmbH into the capital reserves of Eurogrid GmbH. This amount was provided to Eurogrid GmbH on August 9, 2023.

In July 2024, the Federal Government gave KfW a further Special Federal Mandate to contribute, via KfW’s wholly-owned subsidiary Selent Netzbetreiber GmbH, EUR 120 million into the capital reserves of Eurogrid GmbH. This amount was provided to Eurogrid GmbH on August 23, 2024.

Each of the July 2022, July 2023 and July 2024 Special Federal Mandates was made pursuant to and in accordance with the original Special Federal Mandate of July 2018.

In June 2020, the Federal Government gave KfW a Special Federal Mandate to make an investment of approximately EUR 300 million through the acquisition of a stake in biopharmaceutical company CureVac AG (“CureVac”). CureVac is a German stock corporation under German law with its registered seat in Tübingen, Germany, which focuses on the research and development of medicines based on messenger ribonucleic acids (mRNA). The investment occurred at the end of July 2020. In August 2020, CureVac B.V., a private company with limited liability under Dutch law, offered and sold in an underwritten initial public offering (the “CureVac IPO”) new common shares, which were listed on the Nasdaq Global Market. In connection with the consummation of the CureVac IPO, all shares of CureVac AG were contributed into CureVac B.V. in exchange for shares of CureVac B.V., and CureVac B.V. was converted to a public company under Dutch law and accordingly renamed CureVac N.V. As a consequence, KfW’s investment is in shares of CureVac N.V.

In March 2021, the Federal Government gave KfW a Special Federal Mandate to acquire 25.1% of the outstanding shares in Hensoldt. Hensoldt is a stock corporation under German law with its registered seat in Taufkirchen, Germany, which focuses on electronic sensor solutions and optronics. The acquisition was completed in May 2021. In December 2023, the Federal Government gave KfW a further Special Federal Mandate, pursuant to and in accordance with the original Special Federal Mandate of March 2021, to acquire new shares in Hensoldt’s capital increase announced on December 7, 2023, pro-rata to their 25.1% shareholding.

In November 2023, the Federal Government gave KfW a Special Federal Mandate to acquire a 24.95% stake in TransnetBW GmbH held by EnBW Übertragungsnetz Immobilien GmbH & Co. KG (“UENI”). At the time of the acquisition, UENI directly held all shares in the German transmission systems operator TransnetBW GmbH. KfW’s stake in TransnetBW GmbH is held via Expand Netzbetreiber GmbH, a wholly-owned subsidiary of KfW.

In August 2022, the Federal Government gave KfW a Special Federal Mandate to acquire a 50.0% equity participation in German LNG Terminal GmbH (“GLNG”) and to provide subsequent pro rata payments to the capital reserve of GLNG. To this end, KfW has entered into a share purchase agreement and a shareholders’ agreement with Gasunie LNG Holding B.V. and GBV Zweiunddreißigste Gesellschaft für Beteiligungsverwaltung mbH, a wholly owned subsidiary of RWE AG, regarding the equity participation and subsequent pro rata payments to the capital reserve. GLNG is a project company that is developing a liquefied natural gas (LNG) import facility in Brunsbüttel, Germany. The closing of the transaction took place in July 2023.

The bodies of KfW are the Executive Board (Vorstand) and the Board of Supervisory Directors (Verwaltungsrat).

The Executive Board is responsible for the day-to-day conduct of KfW’s business and the administration of its assets. Typically, members of the Executive Board are initially appointed for a maximum of three years by the Board of Supervisory Directors. After the first term each member may be repeatedly reappointed for, or his or her term of office may be repeatedly extended by, up to five years by the Board of Supervisory Directors. Each member of the Executive Board is responsible for certain aspects of KfW’s activities but shares the responsibility for actions taken by the Executive Board.

The following biographical information on the current members of the Executive Board includes their dates of birth, the year in which they were appointed, their terms of office, their current positions and their areas of responsibility.

For information on the remuneration of the Executive Board, see note 68 to the financial statements included in Exhibit (e) to this annual report.

Stefan Wintels joined KfW’s Executive Board as Co-CEO in October 2021 and became the sole CEO in November 2021. He is in charge of the General Secretariat, Group Communications, Internal Auditing, Financial Markets, Group Development and Economics, as well as Legal Affairs. Mr. Wintels was appointed until September 2029.

Prior to joining KfW, Mr. Wintels worked at Citigroup for 20 years from 2001 to 2021 in various leadership roles. Most recently, he was the Global Co-Head Financial Institutions Group and a member of the Global BCMA Executive Committee. Before that, he was Vice Chairman of Citigroup in Germany, Citi’s Chief Country Officer for Germany as well as Chief Executive Officer of Citigroup Global Markets Europe AG until March 2020.

Stefan Wintels began his professional career in 1994 at Deutsche Bank AG and left in 2001 as Managing Director at Deutsche Bank’s Corporate Development / Group Strategy Department.

He received a Master’s degree in Business Administration from the Technische Universität Berlin and participated in the second year of a two year MBA program at the University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign.

Stefan Wintels also chairs the supervisory board of KfW Capital, Frankfurt am Main, Germany. In addition, he is a member of the supervisory boards of Deutsche Post AG, Bonn, Germany and of Deutsche Telekom AG, Bonn, Germany.

Katharina Herrmann joined KfW as General Manager in April 2022 and became a member of KfW’s Executive Board in April 2023. She is in charge of KfW’s Domestic Promotional Business (Individual Financing Solutions & Public Clients, SME Bank & Private Clients), Digital Sales & Client Services and KfW Capital. Ms. Herrmann was appointed until April 2026.

Prior to joining KfW she was Head of Platforms and New Business at ING-DiBa AG, Frankfurt am Main, Germany, as well as Global Head of Platforms and Beyond Banking at ING Group, Amsterdam, Netherlands. During her time at ING from 1998 until 2021 Ms. Herrmann held various leadership positions. From 1996 until 1998 Ms. Herrmann worked as a Specialist in Marketing at COMMERZBANK AG, Frankfurt am Main, Germany. In 1995 she started her professional career at Nassauische Sparkasse, Wiesbaden, Germany, where she worked in junior and senior positions in marketing.

Katharina Herrmann studied business administration and graduated as Diplom-Betriebswirtin (FH) at the University of Applied Sciences Wiesbaden, Germany (comparable to Master of Business Administration), including several months of study abroad (European Business Studies) at Nottingham Trent University, United Kingdom.

Melanie Kehr became a member of KfW’s Executive Board in March 2019. She is in charge of Information Technology, Operations and Transaction Management. Ms. Kehr joined KfW as General Manager in September 2018. Ms. Kehr was appointed until August 2027.

Ms. Kehr studied Business Administration at the University of Bielefeld, Germany, and also holds a Master’s degree in Economics from Purdue University, Indiana, USA. In 1999, she started her professional career at the consulting firm Andersen Consulting Unternehmensberatung GmbH (renamed Accenture in 2001) where she became Managing Director for Industry Financial Services in 2012. In 2014, she was appointed Group Chief Information Officer of Bayerische Landesbank, Munich, Germany, and served in this position until July 2018.

Ms. Kehr is also a member of the supervisory board of Deka Bank Deutsche Girozentrale, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.

Christiane Laibach joined KfW’s Executive Board in June 2021. She leads the international financing activities consisting of KfW Entwicklungsbank and the two affiliates KfW IPEX GmbH (Export and Project Finance) and KfW DEG mbH. Ms. Laibach was appointed until May 2027.

Prior to joining KfW’s Executive Board she was member of DEG’s Management Board for six years, the last year as CEO. From 2008 to 2015 she was part of KfW-IPEX Bank’s Management Board, including Chief Risk and Financial Officer. She has been holding leadership positions at KfW Group for 25 years after having joined in 1990, including as global head of aviation for seven years.

Ms. Laibach holds a Master’s degree in Economics from University of Mainz, Germany, and completed the Executive Management Program at Wharton Business School, Philadelphia, USA.

Ms. Laibach also chairs the supervisory board of KfW IPEX GmbH. Further, she serves as first deputy chair of the supervisory board of DEG – Deutsche Investitions- und Entwicklungsgesellschaft mbH, Cologne, Germany.

Bernd Loewen joined KfW as a member of KfW’s Executive Board in July 2009. He is in charge of Finance, Human Resources, Central Services as well as Organization and Consulting. Mr. Loewen acts as Chief Financial Officer of KfW after initially running both the risk and finance departments at KfW up to the separation of the CRO and CFO functions as of January 1, 2016. Mr. Loewen was appointed until June 2027.

After graduating with a Business Administration degree from the University of Muenster, Germany, he started his professional career at an auditing firm and completed the tax consultant exam. Subsequently, Mr. Loewen joined the Corporate Development department at COMMERZBANK Aktiengesellschaft, Frankfurt am Main, Germany, before moving on to Equity Derivatives Trading. From 2002 onwards, Bernd Loewen worked as Co-Managing Director at Commerz Capital Markets Corporation, a subsidiary of COMMERZBANK Aktiengesellschaft, in New York, USA. In 2005, he was appointed Member of the Management Board of mBank (formerly BRE Bank SA), a Polish subsidiary of COMMERZBANK Aktiengesellschaft and relocated from New York to Warsaw, Poland.

Mr. Loewen is also a member of the supervisory board of DEG – Deutsche Investitions- und Entwicklungsgesellschaft mbH, Cologne, Germany.

Dr. Stefan Peiß became a member of KfW’s Executive Board in January 2016. He is in charge of Credit Risk Management, Risk Controlling and Compliance, and he acts as Chief Risk Officer of KfW. Dr. Peiß was appointed until December 2029.

Dr. Peiß studied business administration at the Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität in Munich, Germany, where he also obtained a doctorate in political science (Dr. oec. publ.) from the university’s Institute for Risk Management and Insurance. In 1995, he started his career in the Real Estate Department of Bayerische Landesbank, Germany. He then transferred to the Risk Management Department, where he held management positions as Head of Team (client portfolio and strategic controlling) and Head of Department (portfolio controlling and controlling systematics, risk controlling trading activities). In 2007, Dr. Peiß became Head of the Risk Operations Division, and in 2008, he was promoted to Head of Group Risk Control Division. Dr. Peiß joined KfW in 2009 as Senior Vice President and Head of Risk Management and Controlling.

Dr. Peiß is a member of the supervisory board of KfW IPEX-Bank, Frankfurt am Main, Germany and serves as deputy chairman of KfW Capital’s supervisory board, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.

The Board of Supervisory Directors generally has 37 members and consists of the Federal Minister of Finance; the Federal Minister for Economic Affairs and Climate Action; the Federal Minister for Foreign Affairs; the Federal Minister of Food and Agriculture; the Federal Minister of Transport and Digital Infrastructure; the Federal Minister for Economic Cooperation and Development; the Federal Minister for the Environment, Nature Conservation, Nuclear Safety and Consumer Protection; seven members appointed by the Bundesrat; seven members appointed by the Bundestag; five representatives of commercial banks; two industry representatives; one representative each of the local municipalities, agricultural, skilled crafts, trade and housing sectors; and four representatives of the trade unions. The representatives of the commercial banks, industry, the local municipalities, agricultural, skilled crafts, trade and housing sectors, and the trade unions are appointed by the Federal Government after consultation with their constituencies.

The Federal Minister of Finance and the Federal Minister for Economic Affairs and Climate Action serve as Chairman and Deputy Chairman of the Board of Supervisory Directors on a year-by-year rotating basis, with the former chairing for the year 2025. The term of office of all Federal Ministers on KfW’s Board of Supervisory Directors corresponds to their term of office as Federal Minister of such Federal Ministry, while the other members of the Board of Supervisory Directors are personally appointed for a term of three years.

The Board of Supervisory Directors supervises the overall conduct of KfW’s business and the administration of its assets. It may give the Executive Board general directives. In particular, the Board of Supervisory Directors (via its Risk and Credit Committee) generally must approve, among other things, loans to members of management bodies (Organkredite), short-term financing, loan commitments to a single borrower exceeding EUR 50 million for non-investment grade or unrated borrowers, certain unsecured loans and loan commitments exceeding EUR 100 million to investment grade borrowers. The Board of Supervisory Directors may reserve the right to approve other transactions or types of transactions. However, it is not authorized to represent KfW or to commit funds on KfW’s behalf.

KfW’s Board of Supervisory Directors’ committee structure comprises a Presidial and Nomination Committee (Präsidial- und Nominierungsausschuss), a Remuneration Committee (Vergütungskontrollausschuss), a Risk and Credit Committee (Risiko- und Kreditausschuss) and an Audit Committee (Prüfungsausschuss). The Presidial and Nomination Committee is responsible for dealing with legal and administrative matters as well as fundamental business and corporate policy issues. It may make decisions on the Board of Supervisory Directors’ behalf in urgent matters (Eilentscheidung). Additionally, it regularly assesses the Executive Board and the Board of Supervisory Directors, provides recommendations for suitable candidates to the Executive Board and may assist the responsible federal agencies in appointing members to the Board of Supervisory Directors. The Remuneration Committee is responsible for dealing with the systems of remuneration for the Executive Board and KfW employees and their consequences for KfW’s risk, capital and liquidity management and advises the Presidial and Nomination Committee with respect to the remuneration paid to the members of the Executive Board. The Risk and Credit Committee advises the Board of Supervisory Directors regarding, in particular, the current and future overall risk tolerance and strategy of KfW. It is responsible for approving loans and equity investments at the operational level that exceed certain thresholds as set forth in KfW’s Bylaws, as well as for authorizing the issuance of debt securities, borrowings in foreign currencies and swap transactions. The Audit Committee monitors in particular the accounting process and the effectiveness of the risk management system, especially the internal control system and the internal audit system. It monitors the performance of the audits of the annual financial statements and the timely correction of any errors identified by the auditor. Furthermore, the Audit Committee provides recommendations to the Board of Supervisory Directors regarding the approval of the annual unconsolidated financial statements and the adoption of the annual consolidated financial statements. The Presidial and Nomination Committee and the Remuneration Committee will generally be chaired by the Chairperson of the Board of Supervisory Directors. The Risk and Credit Committee and the Audit Committee will generally be chaired by a representative of the banking sector.

For information concerning the remuneration of the Board of Supervisory Directors, see note 68 to the financial statements included in Exhibit (e) to this annual report.

In 2024, KfW Group employed² an average of 8,493 persons (excluding members of the Executive Board, trainees and interns, but including temporary personnel and local personnel in KfW’s representative offices) (2023: 8,073 persons). Approximately 29.6% of KfW’s staff (excluding local personnel in KfW’s representative offices) is covered by collective bargaining agreements. KfW provides employee benefits such as pensions to its employees.

Of KfW Group’s staff, approximately 19.7% is engaged in KfW’s domestic business activities, 27.4% in promotion of developing countries and emerging economies (KfW Entwicklungsbank and DEG), 11.6% in Export and Project Finance (KfW IPEX-Bank), and the remaining balance in KfW’s accounting, disbursements, collateral, funding and lending support departments and in general administrative and staff functions.

KfW Group has defined employee relations as one of its key sustainability action areas and attaches great importance to treating its employees with respect and appreciation. Because KfW recognizes that its success is based on its skilled and motivated staff, employer attractiveness, including by achieving top positions in the main employer rankings, has been defined as one of the key targets within KfW Group’s strategic objectives. KfW believes that a fair remuneration system, group-wide diversity and equal opportunities for the professional development of all employees, irrespective of gender, origin, ethnicity, religion, disability, age, sexual identity or social background, provide a solid basis for achieving this target. KfW emphasizes the importance of achieving target quotas for women in leadership positions and a good work-life balance. As a future-oriented organization, KfW offers a variety of part-time work and mobile work options as well as professional development and training opportunities and supports responsible health management.

For more information concerning KfW Group’s employees, see note 67 to the financial statements included in Exhibit (e) to this annual report.

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities and Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant KfW has duly caused this amendment to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.


*KfW*

By:	/s/ STEFAN WINTELS
	Name:	Stefan Wintels
	Title:	Chief Executive Officer

By:	/s/ BERND LOEWEN
	Name:	Bernd Loewen
	Title:	Member of the Executive Board


Reference period	Percentage change on the previous quarter		Percentage change on the same quarter in previous year
4^th quarter 2023		-0.4		-0.2
1^st quarter 2024		0.2		-0.1
2^nd quarter 2024		-0.3		-0.3
3^rd quarter 2024		0.1		-0.3
4^th quarter 2024		-0.2		-0.2


	(balance in EUR billions) (1)
Item	January-December 2024		January-December 2023
Goods		235.5		227.1
Services		-74.0		-63.4
Primary income		149.0		136.8
Secondary income		-63.8		-67.7
Current account		246.7		232.8


	Year ended December 31				Year to Year
	2024		2023		% change

	(EUR in millions)				(in %)
SME Bank & Private Clients (Mittelstandsbank & Private Kunden)		35,816		39,117		-8
Customized Finance & Public Clients (Individualfinanzierung & Öffentliche Kunden)		41,570		35,852		16
KfW Capital		1,590		2,129		-25
Export and Project Finance (KfW IPEX-Bank)		23,916		24,152		-1
KfW Entwicklungsbank (KfW Development Bank)		7,839		9,040		-13
DEG		2,470		1,869		32
Financial Markets		0		480		-100

Total promotional business volume (1) (2)		112,831		111,312		1


	Year ended December 31				Year to Year
	2024		2023		% change

	(EUR in millions)					(in %)
Municipal infrastructure programs		4,556		18,805			-76
Corporate loans and project finance		33,117		11,906			>100
Global funding facilities to Landesförderinstitute (1)		2,811		3,668			-23
Program for the refinancing of export loans		760		774			-2
Global loans to selected financial institutions		325		700			-54

Total commitments (2)		41,570		35,852			16


	Year ended December 31				Year to Year
	2024		2023		% change

	(EUR in millions)				(in %)
High-Tech Start-up Fund		1		1		0
ERP Venture Capital Fund Investments		202		246		-18
Future Fund KfW Capital		179		225		-20
of which ERP/Zukunftsfonds Growth Facility		119		181		-34
of which Wachstumsfonds Deutschland I		0		0		0
of which Green Transition Facility		60		44		36
Future Fund Federal Republic		1,209		1,657		-27
of which GFF EIF Growth Facility		233		594		61
of which HTGF Opportunity		500		0		>100
of which Deep Tech Climate Fonds		430		215		>100
of which Emerging Manager Facility		7		0		>100
of which ERP/Zukunftsfonds Growth Facility (Opportunity Funds)		39		0		>100
of which Wachstumsfonds Deutschland I		0		48		-100
of which European Tech Champions Initiative (ETCI)		0		800		-100

Total commitments (1)		1,590		2,129		-25


	Page
PRESENTATION OF FINANCIAL AND OTHER INFORMATION		1
RECENT DEVELOPMENTS		2
KfW		2
Change in Executive Board		2
THE FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF GERMANY		2
Overview of Key Economic Figures		2
Germany’s General Government Deficit/Surplus and General Government Gross Debt		5
Economic Outlook		5
Other Recent Developments		6
KFW		7
GENERAL		7
Overview		7
Ownership		7
Legal Status		8
Relationship with the Federal Republic		8
Supervision and Regulation		9
Corporate Background		12
Sustainable Promotion		12
Financial Statements and Auditors		14
BUSINESS		15
Introduction		15
Domestic Promotional Business		16
SME Bank & Private Clients		19
Customized Finance & Public Clients		20
KfW Capital		22
Export and Project Finance (KfW IPEX-Bank)		24
KfW Entwicklungsbank (KfW Development Bank)		28
DEG – Deutsche Investitions- und Entwicklungsgesellschaft mbH		29
Financial Markets		30
Strategic Shareholdings		36
CAPITALIZATION		39
MANAGEMENT AND EMPLOYEES		40
Executive Board		40
Board of Supervisory Directors		42
Employees		45
EXHIBITS		46
SIGNATURES		47


Reference period	Percentage change on the previous month		Percentage change on the same month in previous year
February 2024		0.4		2.5
March 2024		0.4		2.2
April 2024		0.5		2.2
May 2024		0.1		2.4
June 2024		0.1		2.2
July 2024		0.3		2.3
August 2024		-0.1		1.9
September 2024		0.0		1.6
October 2024		0.4		2.0
November 2024		-0.2		2.2
December 2024		0.5		2.6
January 2025		-0.2		2.3
February 2025		0.4		2.3


Reference period	Original percentages		Adjusted percentages (2)
February 2024		3.6		3.3
March 2024		3.5		3.3
April 2024		3.2		3.4
May 2024		3.5		3.4
June 2024		3.4		3.5
July 2024		3.6		3.5
August 2024		3.8		3.5
September 2024		3.2		3.5
October 2024		3.3		3.4
November 2024		3.4		3.4
December 2024		3.2		3.5
January 2025		3.7		3.5
February 2025		3.6		3.5


	As of December 31, 2024
	Commitments outstanding		Economical capital required (1)

	% of total
SME Bank & Private Clients		47%		23%
Customized Finance & Public Clients		18%		2%
Export and Project Finance		15%		16%
Financial Markets		10%		8%
KfW Entwicklungsbank		7%		3%
DEG		2%		8%
KfW Capital		0%		2%


Total (in EUR billions)		643.2		20.9


	Aggregate principal amount in billions		Maturity at issuance (in years)		Interest rate in % per annum
KfW U.S. $-Benchmark I/2024		USD 5.0		5		4.000
KfW U.S. $-Benchmark II/2024		USD 5.0		3		4.375
KfW U.S. $-Benchmark III/2024		USD 3.0		2		5.000
KfW U.S. $-Benchmark IV/2024		USD 3.0		3		3.500
KfW Euro-Benchmark (Dual Tranche I/2024)		EUR 6.0		3		2.375
KfW Euro-Benchmark (Dual Tranche I/2024)		EUR 3.0		10		2.625
KfW Euro-Benchmark (Dual Tranche II/2024)		EUR 4.0		7		2.750
KfW Euro-Benchmark IV/2024		EUR 5.0		5		2.625
KfW Euro-Benchmark V/2024		EUR 4.0		3		2.750
KfW Euro-Benchmark VI/2024		EUR 3.0		7		2.500
KfW Euro-Benchmark IV/2023 (re-opening)		EUR 1.0		2		2.875
KfW Euro-Benchmark IV/2020 (re-opening)		EUR 1.0		3		0.000
KfW Euro-Benchmark (Dual Tranche II/2024, re-opening)		EUR 1.0		15		0.875
KfW Euro-Benchmark V/2023 (re-opening)		EUR 1.0		4		3.125
KfW Euro-Benchmark II/2024 (re-opening)		EUR 1.0		10		2.625
KfW Euro-Benchmark I/2024 (re-opening)		EUR 1.0		3		2.375
KfW Euro-Benchmark IV/2023 (re-opening)		EUR 1.0		2		2.875
KfW Euro-Benchmark IV/2020 (re-opening)		EUR 1.0		3		0.000
KfW Euro-Benchmark I/2019 (re-opening)		EUR 1.0		5		0.750
KfW Euro-Benchmark IV/2024 (re-opening)		EUR 1.0		5		2.625
KfW Euro-Benchmark II/2024 (re-opening)		EUR 1.0		10		2.625
KfW Euro-Benchmark V/2024 (re-opening)		EUR 1.0		3		2.750


	EUR in billions		In % of total
Euro (EUR)		48.1		61.6
U.S. dollar (USD)		19.3		24.8
Pound sterling (GBP)		6.8		8.8
Australian dollar (AUD)		1.7		2.1
Norwegian krone (NOK)		0.5		0.7
Other currencies (1)		1.6		2.0

Total		*78.1*		*100*


Currency	Number of transactions		Interest type	Average interest rate in % per annum (1) (2)	Years of issue	Maturities	Average years to maturity (2)		Aggregate principal amount outstanding in applicable currency		Aggregate principal amount outstanding in EUR (3)
AUD		15	FIXED	3.71	2014-2024	2025-2034		2.35		16,700,000,000.00		9,957,071,309.33
CAD		6	FIXED	2.61	2005-2023	2025-2037		1.87		3,202,200,000.00		2,142,226,384.80
CHF		2	FIXED	2.55	2005-2007	2025-2037		2.85		1,305,000,000.00		1,386,527,836.80
CNY		16	FIXED	2.64	2021-2024	2025-2027		1.30		13,014,000,000.00		1,716,139,411.60
EUR		406	FIXED	1.11	1999-2024	2025-2053		4.53		315,948,638,337.51		315,948,638,337.51
EUR		15	FLOATING	3.43	2004-2023	2025-2034		3.19		1,056,656,499.38		1,056,646,499.38
GBP		23	FIXED	3.13	2000-2024	2025-2037		2.71		28,006,803,000.00		33,776,505,704.43
HKD		15	FIXED	3.73	2023-2024	2025-2027		1.57		4,075,000,000.00		505,044,245.59
JPY		5	FIXED	2.29	2006-2008	2026-2038		4.75		136,290,000,000.00		835,827,302.83
JPY		82	FLOATING	4.58	2002-2019	2025-2049		13.35		34,400,000,000.00		210,965,228.85
MXN		1	FIXED	4.40	2021	2025		0.56		1,000,000,000.00		46,402,850.99
NOK		15	FIXED	3.72	2004-2024	2025-2036		3.20		32,900,000,000.00		2,789,317,507.42
NZD		2	FIXED	2.13	2018-2021	2028		3.40		190,000,000.00		102,525,361.54
PLN		24	FIXED	0.51	2006-2021	2025		0.48		610,423,938.00		142,789,225.33
SEK		10	FIXED	2.00	2011-2024	2025-2031		3.53		16,900,000,000.00		1,474,823,283.01
USD		53	FIXED	2.96	2002-2024	2025-2046		3.18		89,068,626,035.71		85,733,589,407.75
USD		1	FLOATING	6.19	2023	2026		1.83		500,000,000.00		481,278,275.10
ZAR		16	FIXED	7.30	2020-2022	2028-2031		4.86		3,741,000,000.00		190,684,445.53
Total		685						4.05				458,497,002,677.80


	Notional value				Fair value				Fair value
	As of December 31				As of December 31, 2024				As of December 31, 2023
	2024		2023		Positive		Negative		Positive		Negative

	(EUR in millions)				(EUR in millions)				(EUR in millions)
Interest-related derivatives		675,658		662,522		2,807		6,559		3,861		7,417
Currency-related derivatives (1)		150,258		156,750		6,854		2,710		3,799		4,590
Credit derivatives as protection buyer		0		0		0		0		0		0
Miscellaneous		0		0		0		0		0		0
Total derivatives (2)(3)		825,916		819,271		9,661		9,269		7,660		12,007
Embedded derivatives accounted for separately		—		—		87		5		106		6

Total balance sheet items “derivatives designated for hedge derivatives”		825,916		819,271		9,748		9,275		7,766		12,013


	(EUR in millions)
Borrowings
Short-term funds		33,947
Bonds and other fixed-income securities		422,994
Other borrowings (1)		36,042

Total borrowings		492,983

Equity
Paid-in subscribed capital (2)		3,300
Capital reserve		8,447
Reserve from the ERP Special Fund		1,191
Retained earnings		26,552
Fund for general banking risks		0
Revaluation reserve		83

Total equity		39,573

Total capitalization		532,556


Name		Position
Annalena Baerbock		Federal Foreign Minister

Katharina Beck		Member of Parliament; appointed by the Bundestag

Dr. André Berghegger		Managing Director of the German Association of Towns and Municipalities (DStGB); representative of the municipalities

Volker Bouffier		Former Minister President of the State of Hesse; appointed by the Bundesrat

Stefan Evers		Mayor and Senator for Finance of the State of Berlin; appointed by the Bundesrat

Yasmin Fahimi		Chair of the Confederation of German Trade Unions (DGB), representative of the trade unions

Robert Feiger		Chair of the Federal Executive Committee of the IG Bauen-Agrar-Umwelt Trade Union (IG Bau); representative of the trade unions

Dr. Heiko Geue		Minister of Finance of the State of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern; appointed by the Bundesrat

Tanja Gönner		CEO and Director General of the Federation of German Industries (BDI); representative of the industry

Olav Gutting		Member of Parliament; appointed by the Bundestag

Dr. Robert Habeck		Federal Minister for Economic Affairs and Climate Action; Deputy Chair in 2025

Gerald Heere		Minister of Finance of the State of Lower Saxony; appointed by the Bundesrat

Marion Höllinger		Member of the Board of Directors of the Association of German Banks (BdB); representative of the commercial banks

Verena Hubertz		Member of Parliament; appointed by the Bundestag

Harald Hübner		Ministerial Director at the Bavarian State Ministry of Finance and Regional Identity; appointed by the Bundesrat

Dr. Dirk Jandura		President of the Federation of German Wholesale, Foreign Trade and Services (BGA); representative of the wholesale and foreign trade sector

Andrea Kocsis		Deputy Chair of ver.di - United Services Trade Union; representative of the trade unions

Stefan Körzell		Member of the Executive Board of the German Confederation of Trade Unions (DGB); representative of the trade unions

Dr. Jörg Kukies		Federal Minister of Finance; Chair in 2025


Ulrich Lange		Member of Parliament; appointed by the Bundestag

Steffi Lemke		Federal Minister for the Environment, Nature Conservation, Nuclear Safety and Consumer Protection

Dr. Helena Melnikov		Chief Executive of the German Chamber of Commerce and Industry (DIHK); representative of the industry

Rainer Neske		Chair of the Board of Managing Directors at Landesbank Baden-Württemberg (LBBW); representative of credit institutions prominent in the field of industrial credit

Dr. Marcus Optendrenk		Minister of Finance of the State of North Rhine-Westphalia; appointed by the Bundesrat

Dr. Bettina Orlopp		Chair of the Board of Managing Directors of Commerzbank AG; representative of the mortgage banks

Cem Özdemir		Federal Minister of Food and Agriculture

Christian Piwarz		State minister of finance of the State of Saxony; appointed by the Bundesrat

Daniel Quinten		Member of the Board of Managing Directors of the National Association of German Cooperative Banks (BVR); representative of the cooperative banks

Prof. Dr. Ulrich Reuter		President of the German Savings Banks Association (DSGV); representative of the savings banks

Dr. Thorsten Rudolph		Member of Parliament; appointed by the Bundestag

Joachim Rukwied		President of the German Farmers’ Association (DBV); representative of the agricultural sector

Frank Schäffler		Member of Parliament; appointed by the Bundestag

Jan Wenzel Schmidt		Member of Parliament; appointed by the Bundestag

Svenja Schulze		Federal Minister for Economic Cooperation and Development

Holger Schwannecke		Secretary General of the German Confederation of Skilled Crafts (ZDH); representative of the skilled crafts sector

Dr. Kai H Warnecke		President Haus & Grund Germany; representative of the housing sector

Dr. Volker Wissing		Federal Minister for Digital and Transport


Exhibit		Description

(e)		KfW Financial Information 2024

(f)		Consent of Deloitte GmbH Wirtschaftsprüfungsgesellschaft