Note 7 — Warrants

Warrants are issued to consultants as compensation or as part of certain capital raises which entitle the holder to purchase shares of the Company’s Common Stock at a fixed price. The strike price of warrants granted in 2022 were set when the Company completed the IPO pricing agreement with the Company’s underwriters on October 9, 2023, which was $5.00.

Warrants issued to two investors who loaned money to the Company, Emmis Capital II, LLC and the Company’s CEO, Joseph La Rosa, on November 14, 2022 and December 2, 2022, respectively, included full ratchet antidilutive protections. The original warrants each covered 50,000 shares at a strike price of $5.00. The February 20, 2024 debt raise transaction required the Company to issue a warrant to Alexander Capital with a strike price of $1.50 (the fair market value of the Company’s common stock at the time of issuance). In accordance with the full ratchet antidilutive terms, the warrants were adjusted to reflect the strike price of the warrant issued to Alexander Capital and the number of shares covered by each of the warrants increased to 166,667. The difference in the fair value between each warrant immediately before and after the trigger was, in aggregate, $230,667, which is considered a deemed dividend.

In addition, on August 7, 2024, the Company, entered into a securities purchase agreement with an institutional accredited investor, Brown Stone Capital Ltd., pursuant to which the Company agreed to issue up to 3,051,336 shares of the Company’s common stock, and/or pre-funded warrants to purchase shares of common stock, at $0.59 per share. The discount related to the shares purchased by Brown Stone resulted in a deemed dividend of $434,163. Pursuant to this agreement, on August 12, 2024, the Company issued 761,689 shares of common stock. In accordance with the full ratchet antidilutive terms tied to Emmis Capital II, LLC and Joseph La Rosa’s warrants, the warrants were adjusted to reflect the strike price of the common stock issued to Brown Stone Capital Ltd., and the number of shares covered by each of the warrants increased to 847,458, in the aggregate. The difference in the fair value between each warrant immediately before and after the trigger was, in aggregate, $485,876, which is considered a deemed dividend. These two transactions increased the basic net loss per share for common stockholders for the year ended December 31, 2024.

At December 31, 2024, warrants outstanding that have vested and are expected to vest are as follows:

Additional information with respect to warrant activity:

During 2023 the Company issued warrants to purchase 50,000 shares of Common Stock to the Company’s underwriter as compensation for providing services to complete the Company’s IPO. The warrants vest on April 2, 2024 and have a term of five years from the grant date with an exercise price of $5.50. The warrants are freestanding instruments in a bundled transaction with the IPO and are accounted for separately. The Company determined that the warrants are classified as equity.

On February 20, 2024, the Company entered into a securities purchase agreement with an accredited investor for the issuance of a senior secured promissory note. As part of the transaction, the Company issued two warrants, the first gives the investor the option to purchase 120,000 shares of the Company’s common stock with an exercise price of $3.00, exercisable until the five-year anniversary of the closing date. The second warrant gives the investor the option to purchase 95,000 shares of the Company’s common stock with an exercise price of $2.25. The second warrant will only become exercisable if the note is not fully paid on or before the maturity date, at which point the warrant is exercisable until the five-year anniversary of the vesting date. The second warrant will be cancelled and extinguished if the note is fully paid on or before the note maturity date.

On April 1, 2024, the Company entered into a securities purchase agreement with an accredited investor for the issuance of a senior secured promissory note. As part of the transaction, the Company issued two warrants, the first gives the investor the option to purchase 150,000 shares of the Company’s common stock with an exercise price of $3.00, exercisable until the five-year anniversary of the closing date. The second warrant gives the investor the option to purchase 152,300 shares of the Company’s common stock with an exercise price of $2.25. The second warrant will only become exercisable if the note is not fully paid on or before the maturity date, at which point the warrant is exercisable until the five-year anniversary of the vesting date. The second warrant will be cancelled and extinguished if the note is fully paid on or before the note maturity date.

On July 15, 2024, the Company entered into a securities purchase agreement with an accredited investor for the issuance of a senior secured promissory note. As part of the transaction, the Company issued two warrants, the first gives the investor the option to purchase 53,700 shares of the Company’s common stock with an exercise price of $3.00, exercisable until the five-year anniversary of the closing date. The second warrant gives the investor the option to purchase 54,200 shares of the Company’s common stock with an exercise price of $2.25. The second warrant will only become exercisable if the note is not fully paid on or before the maturity date, at which point the warrant is exercisable until the five-year anniversary of the vesting date. The second warrant will be cancelled and extinguished if the note is fully paid on or before the note maturity date.

Under an agreement between the Company and the Company’s underwriter, Alexander Capital, the Company issued a warrant to Alexander Capital as a result of the issuance of the promissory note on February 20, 2024. The holder of the warrant has the right to purchase 21,053 shares of the Company’s common stock with an exercise price of $1.50, exercisable until the five-year anniversary of the grant date.

During the fiscal years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, there was no unrecognized expense related to warrants. Unrecognized amortization of financing fees related to warrants granted in 2022 totaled $149,995, all of which was recognized in 2023. There was no unrecognized amortization of financing fees related to warrants in 2024.

The valuation methodology used to determine the fair value of the warrants was the Black-Scholes option-pricing model. The Black-Scholes model requires the use of a number of assumptions including volatility of the stock price, the average risk-free interest rate, and the weighted average expected life of the warrant.

Estimated volatility is a measure of the amount by which the Company’s stock price is expected to fluctuate each year during the expected life of the award. The Company’s estimated volatility is an average of the historical volatility of peer entities over the shorter of i) the period equal to the expected life of the award or ii) the period over which the peer company was publicly traded. The Company uses the historical volatility of peer entities due to the lack of sufficient historical data of its stock price.

The risk-free interest rate assumption is based upon observed interest rates on zero coupon U.S. Treasury bonds whose maturity period is appropriate for the term of the award at the grant date.

The weighted average fair value of warrants granted and the assumptions used in the Black-Scholes model are set forth in the table below.