| Operating Segments |
14. Operating Segments Operating segments are reported in a manner consistent with the internal reporting provided to the chief operating decision-maker (CODM). The CODM, who is responsible for allocating resources and assessing performance of the operating segments, has been identified as executive management consisting of the Chief Executive Officer, Chief Financial Officer, and Chief Operating Officer. The CODM uses the Company’s consolidated financial results, including operating income or loss by segment, to make key operating decisions, assess performance, and to allocate resources. Segment performance is evaluated based on operating income or loss as shown in the table below. Interest income and income taxes are managed separately on a group basis. The Company’s reportable segments are as follows: | a. | The Upstream segment activities include acquisition, development and production of natural gas and oil reserves on properties within the United States and Canada; and |
| b. | The Gas Gathering segment partners with two other companies to operate a natural gas gathering system. |
Segment activity for the six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024 is as follows: | | | | | | | | | | | | Upstream | | Gas Gathering | | Consolidated | As of and for the six months ended June 30, 2025 | | | | | | | | | | Operating revenue | | | | | | | | | | Natural gas | | $ | 17,523,917 | | $ | — | | $ | 17,523,917 | Natural gas liquids | | | 532,270 | | | — | | | 532,270 | Oil and condensate | | | 5,994,331 | | | — | | | 5,994,331 | Gathering and compression fees | | | — | | | 3,737,355 | | | 3,737,355 | Intersegment gathering and compression fees | | | — | | | 1,064,223 | | | 1,064,223 | | | | 24,050,518 | | | 4,801,578 | | | 28,852,096 | | | | | | | | | | | Reconciliation of operating revenue | | | | | | | | | | Elimination of intersegment revenues | | | | | | | | | (1,064,223) | Total consolidated operating revenue(1) | | | | | | | | | 27,787,873 | | | | | | | | | | | Operating costs | | | | | | | | | | Gathering, transportation, and compression | | | 3,978,175 | | | — | | | 3,978,175 | Other lease operating expense | | | 1,240,508 | | | — | | | 1,240,508 | Gathering system operating expenses | | | — | | | 1,166,446 | | | 1,166,446 | Intersegment other lease operating expense | | | 1,064,223 | | | — | | | 1,064,223 | Impairment | | | 2,676,669 | | | — | | | 2,676,669 | Depletion, depreciation, amortization and accretion | | | 6,065,544 | | | 611,967 | | | 6,677,511 | Segment operating income | | $ | 9,025,399 | | $ | 3,023,165 | | $ | 10,984,341 | | | | | | | | | | | Reconciliation of segment operating income | | | | | | | | | | Salary expense | | | | | | | | | 1,789,792 | Stock based compensation | | | | | | | | | 771,676 | Other general and administrative | | | | | | | | | 1,490,504 | Elimination of intersegment other lease operating expenses | | | | | | | | | (1,064,223) | Total consolidated operating income | | | | | | | | | 7,996,592 | | | | | | | | | | | Other income (expense) | | | | | | | | | | Interest income | | | | | | | | | 32,546 | Interest expense | | | | | | | | | (32,117) | Loss on derivative contracts | | | | | | | | | 1,111,693 | Other expense | | | | | | | | | (33,338) | Other expense, net | | | | | | | | | 1,078,784 | Net income before income tax expense | | | | | | | | $ | 9,075,376 | | | | | | | | | | | Capital expenditures (2) | | $ | 11,142,744 | | $ | 228,327 | | $ | 11,371,071 | Segment assets | | $ | 99,073,244 | | $ | 6,358,460 | | $ | 105,431,704 | | | | | | | | | | | Total segment assets reconciled to consolidated amounts are as follows: | | | | | | | | | | Total segment assets | | | | | | | | $ | 105,431,704 | Current assets, net | | | | | | | | | 16,533,328 | Other property and equipment | | | | | | | | | 883,319 | Operating lease right-of-use asset | | | | | | | | | 295,317 | Restricted cash | | | | | | | | | 470,000 | | | | | | | | | $ | 123,613,668 |
| | | | | | | | | | | | Upstream | | Gas Gathering | | Consolidated | As of and for the six months ended June 30, 2024 | | | | | | | | | | Operating revenue | | | | | | | | | | Natural gas | | $ | 4,924,209 | | $ | — | | $ | 4,924,209 | Natural gas liquids | | | 761,407 | | | — | | | 761,407 | Oil and condensate | | | 6,228,799 | | | — | | | 6,228,799 | Gathering and compression fees | | | — | | | 3,380,146 | | | 3,380,146 | Intersegment gathering and compression fees | | | — | | | 591,907 | | | 591,907 | | | | 11,914,415 | | | 3,972,053 | | | 15,886,468 | | | | | | | | | | | Reconciliation of operating revenue | | | | | | | | | | Elimination of intersegment revenues | | | | | | | | | (591,907) | Total consolidated operating revenue(1) | | | | | | | | | 15,294,561 | | | | | | | | | | | Operating costs | | | | | | | | | | Gathering, transportation, and compression | | | 2,602,378 | | | — | | | 2,602,378 | Other lease operating expense | | | 815,951 | | | — | | | 815,951 | Gathering system operating expenses | | | — | | | 1,202,537 | | | 1,202,537 | Intersegment other lease operating expense | | | 591,907 | | | — | | | 591,907 | Depletion, depreciation, amortization and accretion | | | 4,007,320 | | | 421,509 | | | 4,428,829 | Segment operating income | | $ | 3,896,859 | | $ | 2,348,007 | | $ | 5,652,959 | | | | | | | | | | | Reconciliation of segment operating income | | | | | | | | | | Salary expense | | | | | | | | | 1,461,549 | Stock based compensation | | | | | | | | | 635,158 | Other general and administrative | | | | | | | | | 1,575,689 | Elimination of intersegment other lease operating expenses | | | | | | | | | (591,907) | Total consolidated operating income | | | | | | | | | 2,572,470 | | | | | | | | | | | Other income (expense) | | | | | | | | | | Interest income | | | | | | | | | 375,215 | Interest expense | | | | | | | | | (17,519) | Gain on derivative contracts | | | | | | | | | (195,617) | Other expense | | | | | | | | | 101,073 | Other income, net | | | | | | | | | 263,152 | Net income before income tax expense | | | | | | | | $ | 2,835,622 | | | | | | | | | | | Capital expenditures (2) | | $ | 29,432,084 | | $ | 70,236 | | $ | 29,502,320 | Segment assets | | $ | 97,059,040 | | $ | 6,896,509 | | $ | 103,955,549 | | | | | | | | | | | Total segment assets reconciled to consolidated amounts are as follows: | | | | | | | | | | Total segment assets | | | | | | | | $ | 103,955,549 | Current assets, net | | | | | | | | | 14,977,407 | Other property and equipment | | | | | | | | | 919,208 | Operating lease right-of-use asset | | | | | | | | | 392,792 | Restricted cash | | | | | | | | | 900,000 | | | | | | | | | $ | 121,144,956 |
| (1) | Segment operating revenue represents revenues generated from the operations of the segment. Inter-segment sales during the six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024 have been eliminated upon consolidation. For the six months ended June 30, 2025, Epsilon sold natural gas to 34 unique customers. The one customer over 10% comprised 34% of total revenue. For the six months ended June 30, 2024, Epsilon sold natural gas to 29 unique customers. The three customers over 10% comprised 14%, 11%, and 10% of total revenue. |
| (2) | Capital expenditures for the Upstream segment consist primarily of the acquisition of properties, and the drilling and completing of wells while Gas Gathering consists of expenditures relating to the expansion, completion, and maintenance of the gathering and compression facility. |
Segment activity for the three months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024 is as follows: | | | | | | | | | | | | Upstream | | Gas Gathering | | Consolidated | As of and for the three months ended June 30, 2025 | | | | | | | | | | Operating revenue | | | | | | | | | | Natural gas | | $ | 6,910,344 | | $ | — | | $ | 6,910,344 | Natural gas liquids | | | 145,020 | | | — | | | 145,020 | Oil and condensate | | | 2,724,364 | | | — | | | 2,724,364 | Gathering and compression fees | | | — | | | 1,845,005 | | | 1,845,005 | Intersegment gathering and compression fees | | | — | | | 507,365 | | | 507,365 | | | | 9,779,728 | | | 2,352,370 | | | 12,132,098 | | | | | | | | | | | Reconciliation of operating revenue | | | | | | | | | | Elimination of intersegment revenues | | | | | | | | | (507,365) | Total consolidated operating revenue(1) | | | | | | | | | 11,624,733 | | | | | | | | | | | Operating costs | | | | | | | | | | Gathering, transportation, and compression | | | 1,924,460 | | | — | | | 1,924,460 | Other lease operating expense | | | 538,325 | | | — | | | 538,325 | Gathering system operating expenses | | | — | | | 613,795 | | | 613,795 | Intersegment other lease operating expense | | | 507,365 | | | — | | | 507,365 | Impairment | | | 2,670,000 | | | — | | | 2,670,000 | Depletion, depreciation, amortization and accretion | | | 2,919,238 | | | 282,416 | | | 3,201,654 | Segment operating income | | $ | 1,220,340 | | $ | 1,456,159 | | $ | 2,169,134 | | | | | | | | | | | Reconciliation of segment operating income | | | | | | | | | | Salary expense | | | | | | | | | 710,122 | Stock based compensation | | | | | | | | | 385,838 | Other general and administrative | | | | | | | | | 751,756 | Elimination of intersegment other lease operating expenses | | | | | | | | | (507,365) | Total consolidated operating income | | | | | | | | | 828,783 | | | | | | | | | | | Other income (expense) | | | | | | | | | | Interest income | | | | | | | | | 17,247 | Interest expense | | | | | | | | | (19,906) | Gain on derivative contracts | | | | | | | | | 2,573,863 | Other expense | | | | | | | | | (10,839) | Other expense, net | | | | | | | | | 2,560,365 | Net income before income tax expense | | | | | | | | $ | 3,389,148 | | | | | | | | | | | Capital expenditures (2) | | $ | 3,502,977 | | $ | 124,052 | | $ | 3,627,029 |
| | | | | | | | | | | | Upstream | | Gas Gathering | | Consolidated | As of and for the three months ended June 30, 2024 | | | | | | | | | | Operating revenue | | | | | | | | | | Natural gas | | $ | 1,961,230 | | $ | — | | $ | 1,961,230 | Natural gas liquids | | | 388,423 | | | — | | | 388,423 | Oil and condensate | | | 3,513,717 | | | — | | | 3,513,717 | Gathering and compression fees | | | — | | | 1,444,448 | | | 1,444,448 | Intersegment gathering and compression fees | | | — | | | 277,509 | | | 277,509 | | | | 5,863,370 | | | 1,721,957 | | | 7,585,327 | | | | | | | | | | | Reconciliation of operating revenue | | | | | | | | | | Elimination of intersegment revenues | | | | | | | | | (277,509) | Total consolidated operating revenue(1) | | | | | | | | | 7,307,818 | | | | | | | | | | | Operating costs | | | | | | | | | | Gathering, transportation, and compression | | | 1,231,981 | | | — | | | 1,231,981 | Other lease operating expense | | | 417,886 | | | — | | | 417,886 | Gathering system operating expenses | | | — | | | 649,967 | | | 649,967 | Intersegment other lease operating expense | | | 277,509 | | | — | | | 277,509 | Depletion, depreciation, amortization and accretion | | | 1,877,611 | | | 170,792 | | | 2,048,403 | Segment operating income | | $ | 2,058,383 | | $ | 901,198 | | $ | 2,682,072 | | | | | | | | | | | Reconciliation of segment operating income | | | | | | | | | | Salary expense | | | | | | | | | 15,838 | Stock based compensation | | | | | | | | | 313,589 | Other general and administrative | | | | | | | | | 1,462,377 | Elimination of intersegment other lease operating expenses | | | | | | | | | (277,509) | Total consolidated operating income | | | | | | | | | 1,167,777 | | | | | | | | | | | Other income (expense) | | | | | | | | | | Interest income | | | | | | | | | 108,943 | Interest expense | | | | | | | | | (8,759) | Gain on derivative contracts | | | | | | | | | (94,891) | Other expense | | | | | | | | | 101,606 | Other income, net | | | | | | | | | 106,899 | Net income before income tax expense | | | | | | | | $ | 1,274,676 | | | | | | | | | | | Capital expenditures (2) | | $ | 9,109,756 | | $ | 47,586 | | $ | 9,157,342 |
| (3) | Segment operating revenue represents revenues generated from the operations of the segment. Inter-segment sales during the three months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024 have been eliminated upon consolidation. For the three months ended June 30, 2025, Epsilon sold natural gas to 31 unique customers. The two customers over 10% comprised 44% and 14% of total revenue. For the three months ended June 30, 2024, Epsilon sold natural gas to 26 unique customers. The three customers over 10% comprised 20%, 15% and 14% of total revenue. |
| (4) | Capital expenditures for the Upstream segment consist primarily of the acquisition of properties, and the drilling and completing of wells while Gas Gathering consists of expenditures relating to the expansion, completion, and maintenance of the gathering and compression facility. |
|