Note 1—Description of Business and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Description of Business

Zedge builds digital marketplaces and friendly competitive games around content that people use to express themselves. Our leading products include Zedge Ringtones and Wallpapers, which we refer to as our “Zedge App,” a freemium digital content marketplace offering mobile phone wallpapers, video wallpapers, ringtones, and notification sounds as well as pAInt, a generative AI wallpaper and ringtone maker, GuruShots, a skill-based photo challenge game, and Emojipedia, the #1 trusted source for ‘all things emoji’. Our vision is to enable and connect creators who enjoy friendly competitions with a community of prospective consumers in order to drive commerce. Except where the context clearly indicates otherwise, the terms the “Company,” “Zedge” “we,” “us” or “our” refer to Zedge, Inc. and its consolidated subsidiaries.

The Company is headquartered in New York, New York, and has international office locations in Lithuania and Israel.

Our fiscal year ends on July 31 of each calendar year. Each reference below to a fiscal year refers to the fiscal year ending in the calendar year indicated (e.g., fiscal 2025 refers to the fiscal year ended July 31, 2025).

The Spin-Off

The Company was formerly a majority-owned subsidiary of IDT Corporation (“IDT”). On June 1, 2016, IDT spun off its interest in the Company to IDT’s stockholders and the Company became an independent public company through a pro rata distribution of the Company’s common stock held by IDT to IDT’s stockholders (the “Spin-Off”).

Principles of Consolidation

The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and its wholly-owned subsidiaries. All significant intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.

Reportable Segments

The Company has two reportable segments: Zedge Marketplace and GuruShots, as further discussed in Note 15, Segment and Geographic Information.

Use of Estimates

The preparation of our consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenue and expenses, as well as related disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities. Actual results could differ materially from our estimates due to risks and uncertainties, including uncertainty in the economic environment due to various global events. To the extent that there are material differences between these estimates and actual results, our financial condition or operating results will be affected. We base our estimates on past experience and other assumptions that we believe are reasonable under the circumstances, and we evaluate these estimates on an ongoing basis.

Revenue Recognition

We generate revenue from the following sources: (1) Advertising; (2) Paid Subscription; (3) Other revenues including primarily Zedge Premium (the section of our marketplace where we offer premium content for purchase), and (4) Digital Goods and Services. The substantial majority of our revenue is generated from selling our advertising inventory (“Advertising Revenue”) to advertising networks and advertising exchanges. Our weekly, monthly, yearly and life-time subscriptions allow users to prepay a fixed fee to remove unsolicited advertisements from our Zedge App. In Zedge Premium, we receive 30% of the net purchase price, after payment of fees to Google Play or the App Store, when users purchase licensed content using Zedge Credits or unlock licensed content by watching a video or taking a survey on Zedge Premium. Sales and other similar taxes are excluded from revenues.

Advertising Revenue: We generate the bulk of our revenue from selling the Zedge Marketplace’s advertising inventory to advertising networks and advertising exchanges.

We recognize advertising revenue as advertisements are delivered to users through impressions or ad views (depending on the terms agreed upon with the advertiser). For in-app display ads, in-app offers, engagement advertisements and other advertisements, our performance obligations are satisfied over the life of the relevant contract (i.e., over time), with revenue being recognized as advertising units are delivered, which is Zedge’s performance obligation. The advertiser may compensate us on a cost-per-impression, cost-per-click, cost-per-action basis.

Paid Subscription Revenue: Beginning in January 2019 and April 2023, we started offering paid subscription services sold through Google Play and the App Store, respectively. When a customer subscribes, they execute a clickthrough agreement with Zedge outlining the terms and conditions between Zedge and the subscriber. Google Play and the App Store process subscription prepayment on Zedge’s behalf, and retain a fee of up to 30%. Subscriptions are nonrefundable after a period of seven days. Paid subscriptions are automatically renewed at expiration unless cancelled by subscribers. While customers can cancel at any time, they will not receive any refund, and will continue to receive the ad-free service until the end of the subscription period. The duration of these contracts is daily, and revenue for these contracts is recognized on a daily ratable basis. The payment terms for subscriptions sold through Google Play is net 30 days after month-end. The payment terms for subscriptions sold through the App Store is net 45 days after month-end. We recognize subscription revenue ratably over the subscription periods which range from weekly, monthly, yearly and lifetime with lifetime subscriptions deemed to have an estimated lifespan of 30 months.

Zedge Premium: Zedge Premium is our marketplace where artists and brands can market, distribute and sell their digital content to our users. The content owner sets the price and end users can purchase the content by paying for it with Zedge Credits, our closed virtual currency. Alternatively, the content owner may opt to place some items behind video ad gates, in which case end users can acquire the content by watching a brief video ad. A user can earn Zedge Credits when taking specific actions such as watching rewarded videos or completing electronic surveys. Alternatively, users can buy Zedge Credits with an in-app purchase. If a user purchases Zedge Credits, Google Play or the App Store retains a fee of 30% of the purchase price. When a user purchases Zedge Premium content using Zedge credits or watching a rewarded video, the artist or brand receives 70% of the actual revenue after the Google Play or App Store fee (“Royalty Payment”) and we receive the remaining 30%, which is recognized as revenue.

Digital Goods and Services: GuruShots generates the substantial majority of its revenues by selling virtual goods (e.g. power-ups and in-game resources) to its users. GuruShots distributes its game to users through mobile platforms such as Apple’s App Store and Google Play, as well as via the internet. Through these platforms, users can download the free-to-play game and can purchase virtual goods which are redeemed in the game to enhance their game-playing experience.

Players can pay for their virtual item purchases through various widely accepted payment methods offered in the game. Payments from players for virtual goods are required at the time of purchase, are non-cancellable and relate to non-cancellable contracts that specify GuruShots’ obligations and cannot be redeemed for cash nor exchanged for anything other than virtual goods within the GuruShots’ game. The purchase price is a fixed amount which reflects the consideration that GuruShots expects to be entitled to receive in exchange for use of virtual goods by its customers. The platform providers collect proceeds from the game players and remit the proceeds to GuruShots after deducting their respective platform fees. Sales and other taxes collected from customers on behalf of governmental authorities are accounted for on a net basis and are not included in revenues or operating expenses. GuruShots’ performance obligation is to display the virtual goods in game play based upon the nature of the virtual item.

GuruShots categorizes its virtual goods as consumable. GuruShots’ game sells only consumable virtual goods. Consumable virtual goods represent items that can be consumed by a specific player action and do not provide the player any continuing benefit following consumption. GuruShots has determined - through a review of game play behavior - that players generally do not purchase additional virtual goods until their existing virtual goods balances have been substantially consumed. This review includes an analysis of game players’ historical play behavior, purchase behavior, and the amounts of virtual goods outstanding. Revenue is recognized once the virtual goods are sold. GuruShots monitors its analysis of customer play behavior on a quarterly basis.

As discussed above, GuruShots concluded that revenue related to the promise of enhancing users’ gaming experience through in-game resource purchases should be recognized ratably over the period of benefit period (i.e., the period over which the enhanced gaming experience is provided). However, for practical reasons, GuruShots does not defer the portion of revenue attributable to future uses of resources as of any given balance sheet date. This is due to the duration of the enhanced gaming experience that is provided being, in substantially all of the cases, and applying the portfolio approach (as GuruShots reasonably expects that the effects on the financial statements of applying Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 606 guidance to the portfolio would not differ materially from applying ASC 606 guidance to the individual contracts), a very short time frame ranging from a few hours to less than two weeks. Therefore, the result of recognizing the related revenues at the point in time which user first consumes the respective resource would yield a result that is not substantially different then ratable recognition over the period of benefit. Accordingly, revenue is recognized once the virtual goods are sold.

Gross Versus Net Revenue Recognition

We report revenue on a gross or net basis based on management’s assessment of whether we act as a principal or agent in the transaction. To the extent we act as the principal, revenue is reported on a gross basis. To the extent we act as the agent, revenue is reported on a net basis. The determination of whether we act as a principal or an agent in a transaction is based on an evaluation of whether we control the good or service prior to transfer to the customer.

We generally report our advertising revenue net of amounts due to agencies and brokers because we are not the primary obligor in the relevant arrangements, we do not finalize the pricing, and we do not establish or maintain a direct relationship with the advertiser.

GuruShots is primarily responsible for providing the virtual goods, has control over the content and functionality of games and has the discretion to establish the virtual goods’ prices. Therefore, GuruShots is the principal and, accordingly revenues are recorded on a gross basis. Payment processing fees paid to platform providers are recorded within selling, general and administrative expenses.

We report subscription revenue gross of the fee retained by Google Play and the App Store, as the subscriber is our customer in the contract and we control the service prior to the transfer to the subscriber.

With respect to Zedge Premium, Zedge, as provider of the platform, is effectively operating as a broker or intermediary connecting online content providers with the end user. While we use gross revenue (net of the 30% fee retained by Google Play or the App Store when a user purchases Zedge Credits) as a performance metric, we record revenue on a net basis from Zedge Premium which consists of a 30% platform fee, in-app purchases profit and breakage. Content providers are paid their portion of revenue which is a 70% share of the gross revenue calculated. 

Concentration of Credit Risk and Significant Customers

Financial instruments that potentially subject the Company to concentration of credit risk consist principally of cash, cash equivalents and trade accounts receivable. We hold cash and cash equivalents at several major financial institutions, which may exceed FDIC insured limits. Historically, the Company has not experienced any losses due to such concentration of credit risk. The Company’s temporary cash investments policy is to limit the dollar amount of investments with any one financial institution and monitor the credit ratings of those institutions. While we may be exposed to credit losses due to the nonperformance of the holders of its deposits, we do not expect the settlement of these transactions to have a material effect on its results of operations, cash flows or financial condition.

We routinely assess the financial strength of our customers. As a result, we believe that our accounts receivable credit risk exposure is limited and have not experienced significant write-downs in our accounts receivable balances. In the fiscal year ended July 31, 2025, two largest customers represented 37% and 6% of our revenue. In the fiscal year ended July 31, 2024, two largest customers represented 31% and 9% of our revenue. At July 31, 2025, two customers represented 48% and 13% of our accounts receivable balance and at July 31, 2024, three customers represented 37%, 15% and 10% of our accounts receivable balance. All of these significant customers are advertising exchanges operated by leading companies, and the receivables represent many smaller amounts due from advertisers.

Direct Cost of Revenues

Direct cost of revenues for the Company consists of fees paid to third parties that provide the Company with internet hosting, content serving and filtering, data analytic tools and marketing automation services. Such costs are charged to expense as incurred.

Property and Equipment, net

Property and equipment is recorded at cost less accumulated depreciation and amortization, and depreciated or amortized on a straight-line basis over its estimated useful lives, which range as follows: capitalized software and technology development costs—3 years; and other—5 years. Other is comprised of furniture and fixtures, office equipment, video conference equipment, computer hardware and computer software. Normal repairs and maintenance are expensed as incurred. Replacement property and equipment is capitalized and the property and equipment accounts are relieved of the items being replaced or disposed of if no longer of value. The related cost and accumulated depreciation of the disposed assets are eliminated and any gain or loss on disposition is included in the results of operations in the year of disposal.

Capitalized Software and Technology Development Costs-Internal-Use Software related to Zedge Marketplace

Software and technology development activities generally fall into three stages:

During the Planning Stage, we charge all costs to expense as incurred.

During the Application and Infrastructure Development Stage, we begin to capitalize costs when the project has been properly authorized and we determine that completion is probable. If a project is subsequently cancelled prior to placement in service, costs that have been capitalized to date will be reviewed for potential impairment. Capitalization ceases no later than the point at which a computer software project is substantially complete and ready for its intended use. Amortization, which is generally over three years, begins for each project when the code is ready for use, whether or not it is actually placed in service at that time (an exception being if the project’s functionality completely depends on the completion of another project, in which case, amortization begins when that other project is ready for use).

During the Post-Implementation/Operating Stage, we expense training costs and maintenance costs as incurred. However, upgrades and enhancements, defined as modifications to existing internal-use software that result in additional functionality (modifications to enable the software to perform tasks that it was previously incapable of performing, normally requiring new software specifications and perhaps a change to all or part of the existing software specifications) are treated as though they were new projects, and are assessed utilizing the same stages and criteria on a project-by-project basis. As such, internal costs incurred for upgrades and enhancements are expensed or capitalized based on the requirements noted above, while costs incurred for maintenance are expensed as incurred. These projects are tracked individually, such that the beginning and ending of the capitalization can be appropriately established, as well as the amounts capitalized therein.

Amortization of these costs is included in depreciation and amortization in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss.

Capitalized Software and Technology Development Costs-Software to Be Sold, Leased, or Marketed related to GuruShots

We expense research and development costs incurred in the process of software development until technological feasibility has been established for the product. Once technological feasibility has been established, software costs are capitalized until the product is available for general release to customers. Costs incurred from the time that the product is available for general release to customers are expensed as incurred. Costs related to upgrades and enhancements are capitalized only if they result in added functionality or marketability of the original product.

The amortization of these capitalized costs begins when a product is available for general release to customers and is computed on a product-by-product basis at a rate not less than straight-line basis over the product’s estimated economic life. At each balance sheet date, we compare the unamortized capitalized costs to the net realizable value of that product and write off the amount by which the unamortized capitalized costs of that product exceed its net realizable value.

Amortization of these costs is included in depreciation and amortization in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss.

We evaluate these long-lived assets for impairment whenever circumstances arise that indicate the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. The Company’s strategic reassessment of GuruShots’ operations in connection with the restructuring initiative resulted in a $0.8 million impairment of capitalized software and technology development costs which is recorded in the Company’s consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss for the fiscal year ended July 31, 2025. See Note 18, Restructuring, Impairments, and Related Charges, for additional information.

Intangible Assets, Net

We test the recoverability of its intangible assets (see Note 7, Intangible Assets, Net and Goodwill, for additional information) with finite useful lives whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value of the asset may not be recoverable. We test for recoverability based on the projected undiscounted cash flows to be derived from such asset. If the projected undiscounted future cash flows are less than the carrying value of the asset, we will record an impairment loss, if any, based on the difference between the estimated fair value and the carrying value of the asset. We generally measure fair value by considering sale prices for similar assets or by discounting estimated future cash flows from such asset using an appropriate discount rate. Cash flow projections and fair value estimates require significant estimates and assumptions by management. Should the estimates and assumptions prove to be incorrect, we may be required to record impairments in future periods and such impairments could be material. 

Intangible assets are carried at cost, less accumulated amortization, unless a determination has been made that their value has been impaired. Intangible assets are amortized on a straight-line basis over their estimated useful lives of between five to fifteen years. We review identifiable amortizable intangible assets to be held and used for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value of the assets may not be recoverable. Determination of recoverability is based on the lowest level of identifiable estimated undiscounted cash flows resulting from use of the asset and its eventual disposition. Measurement of any impairment loss is based on the excess of the carrying value of the asset over its fair value.

We performed an interim impairment test during the second quarter of fiscal 2024 and concluded that the carrying value of the intangible assets of GuruShots reporting unit exceeded its fair value. Accordingly, we recorded a non-cash impairment charge of $11.9 million during the second quarter of fiscal 2024. See Note 7, Intangible, Net and Goodwill, for additional information.

Goodwill

Goodwill represents the excess of purchase price and related costs over the fair value of assets acquired and liabilities assumed of the business acquired. Under ASC 350, Intangibles-Goodwill and Other, goodwill is not amortized, but instead is tested for impairment annually, or if certain circumstances indicate a possible impairment may exist.

We test goodwill for impairment on the first day of the fourth fiscal quarter or upon the occurrence of events or changes in circumstances that indicate that the asset might be impaired. Goodwill is assigned to our reporting units, which are our operating segments, or components of an operating segment, that constitute a business for which discrete financial information is available, and for which segment management regularly reviews the operating results. During the annual impairment review process we have the option to first perform a qualitative assessment (commonly referred to as “step zero”) over relative events and circumstances to determine whether it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying value, or to perform a quantitative assessment (“step one”) where we estimate the fair value of each reporting unit using primarily a market capitalization approach.

We would recognize an impairment charge for the amount by which the carrying amount exceeds the reporting unit’s fair value; however, the loss recognized would not exceed the total amount of goodwill allocated to that reporting unit. Additionally, we consider income tax effects from any tax-deductible goodwill on the carrying amount of its reporting unit when measuring the goodwill impairment loss, if applicable.

Investments

From time to time, when opportunities present themselves, the Company considers strategic investments in privately-held companies. The Company’s sole investment at August 1, 2024, is a simple agreement for future equity (SAFE) in which the Company holds the right to receive equity at some later date and upon certain events. Investments in SAFE’s are carried at cost due to insufficient observable market inputs to determine fair value. The Company adjusts the carrying value of its investments to fair value upon observable transactions for identical or similar investments of the same issuer or upon impairment (referred to as the measurement alternative). All gains and losses on investments, realized and unrealized, are recognized in interest and other income, net in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss.

The Company periodically evaluates the carrying value of its investments, when events and circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of the investment may not be recovered. The Company estimates the fair value of the investment to assess whether impairment losses shall be recorded using Level 3 inputs. This investment includes the Company’s holding that is not exchange traded and therefore not supported with observable market prices; hence, the Company may determine the fair value by reviewing equity valuation reports, current financial results, long-term plans of the private company, the amount of cash that the privately-held company has on-hand, the ability to obtain additional financing and overall market conditions in which the private company operates or based on the price observed from the most recent completed financing.

During the first quarter of fiscal 2024, we reduced the carrying value of this SAFE investment to $0 and recorded $50,000 loss in the accompanying consolidated financial statements.

Cash and Cash Equivalents

The Company considers all highly liquid investments with an original maturity of three months or less when purchased to be cash equivalents. There were $13.9 million and $10.9 million in cash equivalents as of July 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively.

Income Taxes

The accompanying consolidated financial statements include provisions for federal, state and foreign income taxes. We recognize deferred tax assets and liabilities for the future tax consequences attributable to temporary differences between the consolidated financial statements carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax basis. A valuation allowance is provided when it is more likely than not that some portion or all of a deferred tax asset will not be realized. The ultimate realization of deferred tax assets depends on the generation of future taxable income during the period in which related temporary differences become deductible. We consider the scheduled reversal of deferred tax assets and liabilities, projected future taxable income and tax planning strategies in its assessment of a valuation allowance. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using the enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. The effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities of a change in tax rates is recognized in income in the period that includes the enactment date of such change.

We use a two-step approach for recognizing and measuring tax benefits taken or expected to be taken in a tax return. We determine whether it is more-likely-than-not that a tax position will be sustained upon examination, including resolution of any related appeals or litigation processes, based on the technical merits of the position. In evaluating whether a tax position has met the more-likely-than-not recognition threshold, we presume that the position will be examined by the appropriate taxing authority that has full knowledge of all relevant information. Tax positions that meet the more-likely-than-not recognition threshold are measured to determine the amount of tax benefit to recognize in the consolidated financial statements. The tax position is measured at the largest amount of benefit that is greater than 50 percent likely of being realized upon ultimate settlement. Differences between tax positions taken in a tax return and amounts recognized in the consolidated financial statements will generally result in one or more of the following: an increase in a liability for income taxes payable, a reduction of an income tax refund receivable, a reduction in a deferred tax asset, or an increase in a deferred tax liability.

We classify interest and penalties on income taxes as a component of income tax expense included in the provision for (benefit from) income taxes line item in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss.

Contingencies

We accrue for loss contingencies when both (a) information available prior to issuance of the consolidated financial statements indicates that it is probable that a liability had been incurred at the date of the consolidated financial statements and (b) the amount of loss can reasonably be estimated. When we accrue for loss contingencies and the reasonable estimate of the loss is within a range, we record its best estimate within the range. When no amount within the range is a better estimate than any other amount, we accrue the minimum amount in the range. We disclose an estimated possible loss or a range of loss when it is at least reasonably possible that a loss may have been incurred.

Earnings Per Share (“EPS”)

Basic earnings per share is computed by dividing net income attributable to all classes of common stockholders of the Company by the weighted average number of shares of all classes of common stock outstanding during the applicable period. Diluted earnings per share is computed in the same manner as basic earnings per share, except that the number of shares is increased to include restricted stock still subject to risk of forfeiture and to assume exercise of potentially dilutive stock options using the treasury stock method, unless the effect of such increase is anti-dilutive.

As disclosed in Note-9 Equity, the rights of holders of Class A common stock and Class B common stock are identical except for certain voting and conversion rights and restrictions on transferability. As such, the Company is not required to break out EPS by class.

The weighted-average number of shares used in the calculation of basic and diluted earnings per share attributable to the Company’s common stockholders consists of the following (in thousands):

The following shares were excluded from the diluted earnings per share computation because their inclusion would have been anti-dilutive (in thousands):

For the fiscal years ended July 31, 2025 and 2024, the diluted loss per share equals basic loss per share because the Company incurred a net loss during these periods and the impact of the assumed exercise of stock options and vesting of restricted stock and deferred stock units (“DSUs”) would have been anti-dilutive.

Stock-Based Compensation

We account for our share-based compensation arrangements in accordance with ASC 718, Compensation-Stock Compensation (“ASC 718”) which requires the measurement and recognition of compensation expense for all share-based payment awards to employees and directors based on estimated fair values on the grant date. Compensation cost for awards is recognized using the straight-line method over the vesting period or the graded vesting method if awards with market or performance conditions include graded vesting features, or if an award includes both a service condition and a market or performance condition. Stock-based compensation is included in selling, general and administrative expense in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss. We account for forfeitures for all awards as they occur.

Fair Value Measurements

Fair value of financial and non-financial assets and liabilities is defined as an exit price, which is the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. The three-tier hierarchy for inputs used to measure fair value, which prioritizes the inputs to valuation techniques used to measure fair value, is as follows:

A financial asset or liability’s classification within the hierarchy is determined based on the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement. The assessment of the significance of a particular input to the fair value measurement requires judgment, and may affect the valuation of the assets and liabilities being measured and their placement within the fair value hierarchy.

Derivative Instruments – Foreign Exchange Forward Contracts

The Company’s earnings and cash flows are subject to fluctuations due to changes in foreign currency exchange rates, primarily the U.S. Dollar (“USD”) -NOK and USD-EUR exchange rates. The Company’s risk management policy allows for the use of derivative financial instruments to prudently manage foreign currency exchange rate exposure. Foreign currency derivative activities are subject to the management, direction and control of the executive management. Foreign exchange forward contracts are recognized on the consolidated balance sheets at their fair value in “Prepaid expenses and other receivables” or “Accrued expenses and other current liabilities”, and changes in fair value are recognized in “Net loss resulting from foreign exchange transactions” in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss.

Functional Currency

The U.S. Dollar is the Company’s functional currency. The functional currencies for the Company’s subsidiaries that operate outside of the United States are USD for GuruShots, NOK for Zedge Europe AS and EUR for Zedge Lithuania UAB which is a wholly-owned subsidiary of Zedge Europe AS, which are the currencies of the primary economic environments in which they primarily expend cash. The Company translates assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies to U.S. Dollars at the exchange rate in effect as of the consolidated financial statement date, and translates accounts from the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss using the weighted average exchange rate for the period. Gains or losses resulting from foreign currency translations are recorded in “Accumulated other comprehensive loss” in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets. Foreign currency transaction gains and losses including gains and losses from currency exchange rate changes related to intercompany receivables and payables are reported in “Net (loss) income resulting from foreign exchange transactions” in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss.

Allowance for Credit Losses

The allowance for credit losses reflects the Company’s best estimate of probable losses inherent in the accounts receivable balance. The allowance is determined based on known troubled accounts, historical experience and other currently available evidence. Bad debts are written-off upon final determination that the trade accounts will not be collected. There were no allowance for credit losses as of July 31, 2025 and 2024.

Comprehensive Income (Loss)

Comprehensive income (loss) consists of two components, net income (loss) and other comprehensive income (loss). Other comprehensive income (loss) refers to gains and losses that are recorded as an element of stockholders’ equity and are excluded from net income (loss). The Company’s other comprehensive income (loss) and accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) are comprised principally of foreign currency translation adjustments.

Operating and Finance Leases

The Company has operating leases primarily for office space. The determination of whether an arrangement is a lease or contains a lease is made at inception by evaluating whether the arrangement conveys the right to use (“ROU”) an identified asset and whether the Company obtains substantially all of the economic benefits from and has the ability to direct the use of the asset. Operating leases are included in other assets, accrued expenses and other current liabilities, and other liabilities, on the Company’s consolidated balance sheets. The Company does not have any finance leases.

Leases with a term greater than one year are recognized on the consolidated balance sheets in the line items cited above. The Company has elected not to recognize leases with terms of one year or less on the consolidated balance sheets. Lease obligations and their corresponding ROU assets are recorded based on the present value of lease payments over the expected lease term. As the interest rate implicit in lease contracts is typically not readily determinable, the Company utilizes the materially approximate incremental borrowing rate, which is the rate incurred to borrow on a collateralized basis over a similar term an amount equal to the lease payments in a similar economic environment. The lease term may include options to extend or terminate the lease when it is reasonably certain that the Company will exercise that option.

Restructuring Charges

The restructuring charges incurred by the Company in fiscal 2025 consist primarily of cash expenditures for compensation and severance payments, employee benefits, payroll taxes and related facilities restructuring costs associated with the Company’s workforce reduction implemented in the second quarter of fiscal 2025. Employee termination benefits are recognized as a liability at estimated fair value, at the time of communication to employees, unless future service is required, in which case the costs are recognized ratably over the future service period. Ongoing termination benefits are recognized as a liability at estimated fair value when the amount of such benefits is probable and reasonably estimable. Charges related to facilities restructuring actions are comprised of costs related to early termination of the lease agreement and impairment of the right-of-use asset in connection with the abandonment of the property. We recorded an impairment of ROU asset of $140,000 in the fourth quarter of fiscal 2025. See Note 18, Restructuring, Impairments, and Related Charges, for additional information. The related early lease termination costs have not been determined as of July 31, 2025. See Note 11, Operating Leases, for additional information.

Recently Adopted Accounting Pronouncements

In November 2023, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2023-07 Segment Reporting (Topic 280): Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures. The guidance in ASU 2023-07 seeks to improve reportable segment disclosure requirements, primarily through enhanced disclosures about significant segment expenses. The amendments in this ASU require a public entity to disclose the following: significant segment expenses that are regularly provided to the chief operating decision maker (“CODM”) and included within each reported measure of segment profit or loss; an amount for other segment items by reportable segment and a description of its composition; and the title and position of the CODM and how the CODM uses the reported measure(s) of segment profit or loss in assessing segment performance and deciding how to allocate resources. This ASU requires public entities to provide all annual disclosures about a reportable segment’s profit or loss and assets currently required by Topic 280 in interim periods. ASU 2023-07 clarifies that if the CODM uses more than one measure of a segment’s profit or loss in assessing segment performance and deciding how to allocate resources, a public entity may report one or more of those additional measures of segment profit. ASU 2023-07 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023, and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024. The Company adopted ASU 2023-07 on February 1, 2025 and the adoption did not have a material effect on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-09, Income Taxes (ASC 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures, which includes amendments that further enhance income tax disclosures, primarily through standardization and disaggregation of rate reconciliation categories and income taxes paid by jurisdiction. The amendments are effective for all public entities for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024, and early adoption is permitted. The Company elected to early adopt ASU 2023-09 on August 1, 2024 retrospectively and the adoption has an effect on the Company’s disclosures on income taxes (Note 12).

Recent Accounting Pronouncements (Issued Not Yet Adopted)

Income Statement-Reporting Comprehensive Income-Expense Disaggregation Disclosures (Subtopic 220-40): Disaggregation of Income Statement Expenses. In November 2024, the FASB issued ASU 2024-03, Income Statement (Subtopic 220-40): Disaggregation of Income Statement Expenses, which requires public entities to disclose, in the notes to the financial statements, specified information about certain costs and expenses at each interim and annual reporting period. This ASU is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2026, and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2027, with early adoption permitted. We are currently evaluating the disclosure requirements related to the new standard.

All other new accounting pronouncements that have been issued but not yet effective are currently being evaluated and at this time are not expected to have a material impact on our financial position or results of operations.

We reviewed all other accounting pronouncements issued during fiscal 2025 and concluded that they were not applicable to the Company.