5.1. Financial risk factors

The Company operates with various financial instruments, including cash and cash equivalents, marketable securities, trade accounts receivables, accounts receivable and others, trade accounts payable, accounts payable for the purchase of farms, loans and financing and derivative financial instruments.

Certain Company’s operations expose it to market risks, mainly in relation to exchange rates, interest rates and changes in the prices of agricultural commodities. As a result, the Company also enters into derivative financial instruments, used to hedge its exposures with respect to crops or with respect to assets and liabilities recognized in the balance sheet, depending on the nature of the specific operation.

Excluding derivative financial instruments, fair value is basically determined using the discounted cash flow method.

The amounts recorded under current assets and liabilities are either highly liquid or mature within twelve months, as such their carrying value approximates their fair value.

5.2. Policies approved by the Board of Directors for the use of financial instruments, including derivatives

The Company’s policies in respect to transactions with financial instruments, which have been approved by the Board of Directors, are as follows: (i) Investment Policy which provides guidelines in respect to Company’s investment of cash, considering the counterparty risk, the nature of instruments and liquidity, among others; (ii) Derivative financial instrument policy which provides guidelines to manage the Company’s exposures to currency risk, interest rate and index risks, and agricultural commodities price risk, always linking the derivative financial instrument to the asset or liability that generates the exposure; and (iii) Risk Policy, which addresses items not covered by the Investment Policy or the Derivative financial instrument Policy including hedge against future cash flows with respect to future production of commodities.

a) Cash and cash equivalents, marketable securities, trade accounts receivable, receivable from sale of farms, loans with related parties and accounts payable. The amounts recorded approximate their estimated fair value.

b) Loans, financing and debentures. The book value of loans, financing and debentures, denominated in reais have its interest rates either fixed or based on the variation of IPCA (Broad National Consumer Price Index) and CDI and exchange rate and approximates their fair value.

5.3. Analysis of exposure to financial asset and liability risks

This risk arises from the possibility that the Company may incur losses due to fluctuations in exchange rates, which reduces the nominal amount of assets or increase the amount of liabilities. This risk also arises with respect to commitments to sell products existing in inventories or agricultural products not yet harvested when sales are made at prices to be fixed at a future date, prices which vary depending on the exchange rate.

This risk arises from the possibility that the Company may incur losses due to fluctuations in the interest rates or indices which increase financial expenses related to certain contracts for the acquisition of farms, indexed by inflation, such as the IPCA.

This risk arises from the possibility that the Company may incur losses due to fluctuations in the market prices of agricultural products.

5.4. Objectives and strategies of risk management and of use of derivative financial instruments

The Executive Board is responsible for managing financial risks, and evaluates the Company’s exposure to foreign currency risk, interest rate and index risk and agricultural commodities price risk with respect to assets, liabilities and transactions of the Company. Considering the exposure to such risks, Company management evaluates the convenience, cost and availability in the market of derivative financial instruments which allow the Company to mitigate such risks. After such assessment, the Executive Board decides whether to enter into the transaction within the parameters previously approved in the Policies referred to above and reports it in the Board of Directors’ meetings.

5.5. Risks related to each operating strategy

The use of derivative financial instruments as an economic hedge reduce the risks of changes in cash flows arising from risks such as foreign currency, interest rate and price index and agricultural commodities prices.

However, the change in the fair value of the derivative financial instrument may differ from the change in the cash flows or fair value of the assets, liabilities or forecasted transactions which are being hedged, as a result of different factors, such as differences between the contract dates, the maturity and settlement dates, or differences in “spreads” on the financial assets and liabilities being hedged and the corresponding spreads in the related legs of the swaps.

Management believes that the derivative financial instruments strategy presents a high degree of protection with respect to the changes in the assets and liabilities being hedged.

In the case of the strategy to hedge forecasted sales of soybean or to hedge accounts payable/receivable, which are susceptible to changes commodity prices, differences may arise due to additional factors, such as differences between the estimated and actual soybean volume to be harvested, or differences between the quoted price of soybean in the international markets where the derivative financial instruments are quoted and the price of soybean in the markets in which soybean is physically delivered/received by the Company. Should the soybean volume effectively harvested be lower than the amount for which derivative financial instruments were contracted, the Company will be exposed to variations in the price of the commodities by the volume hedged in excess and vice-versa should the soybean volume effectively harvested be higher than the hedged volume.

In the case of exposure to exchange rates, there is a risk that the volume of U.S. dollars sold through forward contracts will be higher than the volume to which the Company is exposed. In such case, foreign exchange rates risk continues to exist in the same proportion as the mismatch, which could result from a reduction in the expected yield of a certain commodity or in a reduction in prices denominated in foreign currencies.

5.6. Restrictions related to the use of derivative financial instruments

The Company is also subject to credit risk with respect to the counterparty of the derivative financial instrument. The Company has contracted derivative financial instruments either traded on stock exchanges or from prime financial institutions or trading companies. Management has not identified at the balance sheet date indicators of collection risk with respect to the amounts recognized as assets with respect to derivative financial instruments.

The main controls for the use of derivative financial instruments are as follows:

5.7. Impact of derivative financial instruments on the statement of income

The gains and losses for changes in the fair value of derivative financial instruments are recognized in the statement of income separately between realized profit and loss (corresponding to derivative financial instruments that have already been settled) and unrealized profit and loss (corresponding to derivative financial instruments not yet settled).

5.8. Estimate of fair value of financial instruments

The fair value of derivative financial instruments traded on stock exchanges (B3 and Chicago Board of Trade) is determined based on the quoted prices at the balance sheet date. To estimate the fair value of derivative financial instruments not traded on stock exchanges the Company uses quotes for similar instruments or information available in the market and uses valuation methodologies widely used and that are also used by the counterparties.

The estimates do not necessarily guarantee that such operations may be settled at the estimated amounts. The use of different market information and/or valuation methodologies may have a relevant effect on the amount of the estimated fair value.

Specific methodologies used for derivative financial instruments entered into by the Company:

Management identified for each type of derivative financial instrument the conditions for variation in foreign exchange rates, interest rates or commodities prices which may generate loss on assets and/or liabilities which is being hedged or, in the case of derivative financial instruments related to transactions not recorded in the balance sheet, in the fair value of the contracted derivatives.

The sensitivity analysis shows the impact from the changes in the market variables on the afore mentioned financial instruments of the Company, considering all other market indicators comprised. Upon their settlement, such amounts may differ from those stated below, due to the estimates used in their preparation.

This analysis contemplates five distinct scenarios that differ due to the intensity of variation in relation to the current market. At June 30, 2024, as reference for probable scenarios I, II, III and IV, a variation in relation to the current market of 0%, -25%, -50%, +25%, +50%, respectively, was considered.

In addition, the Company presents a summary of possible scenarios for the following 12 months of the Company’s financial instruments. Reliable sources of index were used for the rates used in the “probable scenario”.

Credit risk refers to the risk of the noncompliance by a counterparty of its contractual obligations, leading the Company to incur financial losses. The risk to which the Company is exposed arises from the possibility of not recovering the amounts receivable from the sale of sugarcane, grains, and from the leasing of land.

To reduce credit risk in commercial transactions, the Company adopts the practice of defining credit limits in which it analyzes factors such as: the counterparty’s history, history of its business, commercial references and Credit Protection Institution (Serasa). The Company also constantly monitors the outstanding balances.

Currently, management does not expect losses due to the default of its counterparties and has no significant exposure to any individual counterparty.

The table below shows the Company's financial liabilities by group of maturity based on the remaining period at the balance sheet date up to the contract maturity date. The amounts disclosed in the table are the discounted contractual cash flows, except for “Loans, financing and debentures” and “Leases payable” lines, in addition to the net derivative financial instruments, whose fair value is disclosed.

The Company’s objectives when managing capital are to safeguard the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern in order to provide returns for stockholders and benefits for other stakeholders, and to maintain an optimal capital structure to reduce the cost of capital.

In order to maintain or adjust the capital structure, the Company may adjust the amount of dividend paid to stockholders, return capital to stockholders or, also, issue new shares or sell assets to reduce, for example, debt.

Consistent with others in the industry, the Company monitors capital based on the leverage ratio. This ratio is calculated as net debt divided by total equity. Net debt is calculated as total loans, financing and debentures (including “current and noncurrent loans and financing” as shown in the Consolidated statement of financial position), acquisitions payable and derivatives less cash and cash equivalents.

The following table demonstrates the financial debts.

5.10. Fair value hierarchy

The carrying amount (less impairment) of trade accounts receivable and payables approximate their fair values. The fair value of financial liabilities, for disclosure purposes, is estimated by discounting the future contractual cash flows at the current market interest rate that is available for similar financial instruments.

The Company adopted IFRS 7 and IFRS 13 for financial instruments that are measured in the balance sheet at fair value; this requires disclosure of fair value measurements by level of the following fair value measurement hierarchy:

The following table presents the Company’s assets and liabilities, their classification and the fair value, as well as the level of hierarchy:

The significant non-observable inputs used in the measurement of the fair value of the credits from the sale of the farm classified as Level 3 in the fair value hierarchy, along with an analysis of quantitative sensitivity on June 30, 2025, are as follows. The significant non-observable inputs used in the measurement of the fair value of biological assets and investment properties are disclosed in Notes 10 and 11, respectively: