Emerging Markets Risk. In addition to the risks of investing in non‑U.S. investments generally, emerging markets investments are subject to greater risks including or arising from political or economic instability, nationalization or confiscatory taxation, capital controls, currency exchange restrictions, sanctions by other countries (such as the United States) and an issuer’s unwillingness or inability to make principal or interest payments on its obligations. Emerging markets companies may be smaller and have shorter operating histories than companies in developed markets. Emerging market investments are also subject to enhanced custody risk, a risk that is inherent in the process of clearing and settling trades and to the holding of securities, cash and other assets by local banks, agents and depositories. Low trading volumes and volatile prices in less developed markets make trades harder to complete and settle, and governments or trade groups may compel local agents to hold securities in designated depositories that may not be subject to independent evaluation. Communications between the U.S. and emerging market countries may be unreliable, increasing the risk of delayed settlements or losses of security certificates. Practices in relation to the settlement of securities transactions in emerging markets involve higher risks

than those in developed markets. In addition, the laws of certain countries may put limits on a Fund’s ability to recover its assets if a foreign bank or depository or issuer of a security or an agent of any of the foregoing goes bankrupt. A Fund would absorb any loss resulting from such custody problems and may have no successful claim for compensation. To the extent a Fund invests in frontier countries, these risks will be magnified. Frontier countries generally have smaller economies or less developed capital markets than traditional emerging market countries.

Equity Securities Risk. The risk that events negatively affecting issuers, industries or financial markets in which the Fund invests will impact the value of the stocks held by the Fund and thus, the value of the Fund’s shares over short or extended periods.

Geographic Focus Risk. The risk that events negatively affecting the fiscal stability of a particular country or region in which the Fund focuses its investments will cause the value of the Fund’s shares to decrease, perhaps significantly. To the extent the Fund focuses its assets in a particular country or region, the Fund is more vulnerable to financial, economic, or other political developments in that country or region as compared to a fund that does not focus on holdings in a particular country or region. As a result, the Fund may be more volatile than a fund which is broadly diversified geographically.

Growth Investing Risk. The prices of growth stocks may be based largely on expectations of future earnings, and their prices can decline rapidly and significantly in reaction to negative news. Growth stocks may underperform stocks in other broad style categories (and the stock market as a whole) over a short or long period of time and may shift in and out of favor with investors generally, sometimes rapidly, depending on changes in market, economic, and other factors.

Small‑Cap and Mid‑Cap Company Risk. The small- and mid‑capitalization companies in which the Fund invests in may be more vulnerable to adverse business or economic events than larger, more established companies. In particular, these small- and mid‑capitalization companies may have limited product lines, markets, and financial resources, and may depend upon relatively small management groups. Therefore, small- and mid‑capitalization stocks may be more volatile than those of larger companies.

Participatory Notes Risk. P‑notes, which are designed to replicate the performance of certain issuers and markets where direct investment is either impossible or difficult due to local restrictions, represent interest in securities listed on certain non‑U.S. exchanges, and thus present similar risks to investing directly in such securities. P‑notes also expose investors to counterparty risk, which is risk that the entity issuing the note may not be able to honor its financial commitments. The liquidity of a P‑note reflects the liquidity in the underlying security. At times, it may be more illiquid than trading the underlying security as broker selection is restricted to the underwriter of the P‑note.

Regulatory Risk. Changes in the laws or regulations of the United States or other countries, including any changes to applicable tax laws and regulations, could impair the ability of the Fund to achieve its investment objective and could increase the operating expenses of the Fund.

Value Investing Risk. Value securities are securities of companies that may have experienced adverse business, industry, or other developments or may be subject to special risks that have caused the securities to be out of favor and, in turn, potentially undervalued. It may take longer than expected for the value of such securities to rise to the anticipated value, or the value may never do so.

Non‑U.S. Securities Risk. Investing in non‑U.S. securities poses additional market risks since political and economic events unique in a country or region will affect those markets and their issuers and may not affect the U.S. economy or U.S. issuers. In addition, issuers of non‑U.S. securities often are not subject to as much regulation as U.S. issuers, and the reporting, accounting, custody, and auditing standards to which those issuers are subject often are not as rigorous as U.S. standards. Investments in non‑U.S. securities may also be subject to greater environmental, credit and information risks. The Fund’s investments in non‑U.S. securities also are subject to non‑U.S. currency fluctuations and other non‑U.S. currency-related risks. Non‑U.S. securities may be subject to higher volatility than U.S. securities, varying degrees of regulation and limited liquidity. Income, proceeds and gains received by the Fund from sources within non‑U.S. countries may be subject to withholding and other taxes imposed by such countries, which would reduce the Fund’s return on such securities. U.S. government tariffs, sanctions or other actions directed at a particular country could adversely impact issuers in that country.