v3.25.4
Risk Management - Disclosure of assets held for sale (Details) - GBP (£)
£ in Millions
Dec. 31, 2025
Dec. 31, 2024
Dec. 31, 2023
Disclosure of reconciliation of changes in loss allowance and explanation of changes in gross carrying amount for financial instruments [line items]      
Loans and advances £ 1,232,975 £ 1,204,773  
Accumulated impairment      
Disclosure of reconciliation of changes in loss allowance and explanation of changes in gross carrying amount for financial instruments [line items]      
Loans and advances (4,034) (3,860)  
Loans and advances      
Disclosure of reconciliation of changes in loss allowance and explanation of changes in gross carrying amount for financial instruments [line items]      
Loans and advances £ 150,786 £ 144,827  
Loans and advances | Non-current assets/liabilities held for sale      
Disclosure of reconciliation of changes in loss allowance and explanation of changes in gross carrying amount for financial instruments [line items]      
Coverage ratio 3.90% 4.90%  
Loans and advances | Gross exposure | Non-current assets/liabilities held for sale      
Disclosure of reconciliation of changes in loss allowance and explanation of changes in gross carrying amount for financial instruments [line items]      
Loans and advances £ 6,037 £ 10,033  
Loans and advances | Accumulated impairment | Non-current assets/liabilities held for sale      
Disclosure of reconciliation of changes in loss allowance and explanation of changes in gross carrying amount for financial instruments [line items]      
Loans and advances (236) (489)  
Retail credit cards      
Disclosure of reconciliation of changes in loss allowance and explanation of changes in gross carrying amount for financial instruments [line items]      
Loans and advances 20,527 19,749  
Retail credit cards | Non-current assets/liabilities held for sale | American Airlines Portfolio      
Disclosure of reconciliation of changes in loss allowance and explanation of changes in gross carrying amount for financial instruments [line items]      
Loans and advances £ 5,755 £ 5,970  
Coverage ratio 3.90% 4.30%  
Retail credit cards | Non-current assets/liabilities held for sale | German Consumer Finance portfolio      
Disclosure of reconciliation of changes in loss allowance and explanation of changes in gross carrying amount for financial instruments [line items]      
Loans and advances £ 0 £ 2,192  
Coverage ratio 0.00% 5.00%  
Retail credit cards | Gross exposure      
Disclosure of reconciliation of changes in loss allowance and explanation of changes in gross carrying amount for financial instruments [line items]      
Loans and advances £ 23,113 £ 22,306 £ 27,287
Retail credit cards | Gross exposure | Non-current assets/liabilities held for sale | American Airlines Portfolio      
Disclosure of reconciliation of changes in loss allowance and explanation of changes in gross carrying amount for financial instruments [line items]      
Loans and advances 5,988 6,241  
Retail credit cards | Gross exposure | Non-current assets/liabilities held for sale | German Consumer Finance portfolio      
Disclosure of reconciliation of changes in loss allowance and explanation of changes in gross carrying amount for financial instruments [line items]      
Loans and advances 0 2,308  
Retail credit cards | Accumulated impairment      
Disclosure of reconciliation of changes in loss allowance and explanation of changes in gross carrying amount for financial instruments [line items]      
Loans and advances (2,586) (2,557) (2,776)
Retail credit cards | Accumulated impairment | Non-current assets/liabilities held for sale | American Airlines Portfolio      
Disclosure of reconciliation of changes in loss allowance and explanation of changes in gross carrying amount for financial instruments [line items]      
Loans and advances (233) (271)  
Retail credit cards | Accumulated impairment | Non-current assets/liabilities held for sale | German Consumer Finance portfolio      
Disclosure of reconciliation of changes in loss allowance and explanation of changes in gross carrying amount for financial instruments [line items]      
Loans and advances 0 (116)  
Retail other      
Disclosure of reconciliation of changes in loss allowance and explanation of changes in gross carrying amount for financial instruments [line items]      
Loans and advances 4,128 3,918  
Retail other | Non-current assets/liabilities held for sale | German Consumer Finance portfolio      
Disclosure of reconciliation of changes in loss allowance and explanation of changes in gross carrying amount for financial instruments [line items]      
Loans and advances £ 0 £ 1,328  
Coverage ratio 0.00% 6.80%  
Retail other | Gross exposure      
Disclosure of reconciliation of changes in loss allowance and explanation of changes in gross carrying amount for financial instruments [line items]      
Loans and advances £ 4,160 £ 3,949 3,411
Retail other | Gross exposure | Non-current assets/liabilities held for sale | German Consumer Finance portfolio      
Disclosure of reconciliation of changes in loss allowance and explanation of changes in gross carrying amount for financial instruments [line items]      
Loans and advances 0 1,425  
Retail other | Accumulated impairment      
Disclosure of reconciliation of changes in loss allowance and explanation of changes in gross carrying amount for financial instruments [line items]      
Loans and advances (32) (31) (45)
Retail other | Accumulated impairment | Non-current assets/liabilities held for sale | German Consumer Finance portfolio      
Disclosure of reconciliation of changes in loss allowance and explanation of changes in gross carrying amount for financial instruments [line items]      
Loans and advances 0 (97)  
Corporate loans      
Disclosure of reconciliation of changes in loss allowance and explanation of changes in gross carrying amount for financial instruments [line items]      
Loans and advances 121,179 116,204  
Corporate loans | Non-current assets/liabilities held for sale | American Airlines Portfolio      
Disclosure of reconciliation of changes in loss allowance and explanation of changes in gross carrying amount for financial instruments [line items]      
Loans and advances £ 46 £ 54  
Coverage ratio 6.10% 8.50%  
Corporate loans | Gross exposure      
Disclosure of reconciliation of changes in loss allowance and explanation of changes in gross carrying amount for financial instruments [line items]      
Loans and advances £ 122,145 £ 116,995 111,158
Corporate loans | Gross exposure | Non-current assets/liabilities held for sale | American Airlines Portfolio      
Disclosure of reconciliation of changes in loss allowance and explanation of changes in gross carrying amount for financial instruments [line items]      
Loans and advances 49 59  
Corporate loans | Accumulated impairment      
Disclosure of reconciliation of changes in loss allowance and explanation of changes in gross carrying amount for financial instruments [line items]      
Loans and advances (966) (791) (836)
Corporate loans | Accumulated impairment | Non-current assets/liabilities held for sale | American Airlines Portfolio      
Disclosure of reconciliation of changes in loss allowance and explanation of changes in gross carrying amount for financial instruments [line items]      
Loans and advances £ (3) £ (5)  
Stage 1 | Loans and advances | Non-current assets/liabilities held for sale      
Disclosure of reconciliation of changes in loss allowance and explanation of changes in gross carrying amount for financial instruments [line items]      
Coverage ratio 1.20% 1.20%  
Stage 1 | Loans and advances | Gross exposure      
Disclosure of reconciliation of changes in loss allowance and explanation of changes in gross carrying amount for financial instruments [line items]      
Loans and advances £ 138,892 £ 132,689  
Stage 1 | Loans and advances | Gross exposure | Non-current assets/liabilities held for sale      
Disclosure of reconciliation of changes in loss allowance and explanation of changes in gross carrying amount for financial instruments [line items]      
Loans and advances 5,511 8,586  
Stage 1 | Loans and advances | Accumulated impairment      
Disclosure of reconciliation of changes in loss allowance and explanation of changes in gross carrying amount for financial instruments [line items]      
Loans and advances (552) (491)  
Stage 1 | Loans and advances | Accumulated impairment | Non-current assets/liabilities held for sale      
Disclosure of reconciliation of changes in loss allowance and explanation of changes in gross carrying amount for financial instruments [line items]      
Loans and advances £ (66) £ (99)  
Stage 1 | Retail credit cards | Non-current assets/liabilities held for sale | American Airlines Portfolio      
Disclosure of reconciliation of changes in loss allowance and explanation of changes in gross carrying amount for financial instruments [line items]      
Coverage ratio 1.20% 1.20%  
Stage 1 | Retail credit cards | Non-current assets/liabilities held for sale | German Consumer Finance portfolio      
Disclosure of reconciliation of changes in loss allowance and explanation of changes in gross carrying amount for financial instruments [line items]      
Coverage ratio 0.00% 0.90%  
Stage 1 | Retail credit cards | Gross exposure      
Disclosure of reconciliation of changes in loss allowance and explanation of changes in gross carrying amount for financial instruments [line items]      
Loans and advances £ 18,801 £ 17,629 22,315
Stage 1 | Retail credit cards | Gross exposure | Non-current assets/liabilities held for sale | American Airlines Portfolio      
Disclosure of reconciliation of changes in loss allowance and explanation of changes in gross carrying amount for financial instruments [line items]      
Loans and advances 5,468 5,495  
Stage 1 | Retail credit cards | Gross exposure | Non-current assets/liabilities held for sale | German Consumer Finance portfolio      
Disclosure of reconciliation of changes in loss allowance and explanation of changes in gross carrying amount for financial instruments [line items]      
Loans and advances 0 1,908  
Stage 1 | Retail credit cards | Accumulated impairment      
Disclosure of reconciliation of changes in loss allowance and explanation of changes in gross carrying amount for financial instruments [line items]      
Loans and advances (395) (334) (412)
Stage 1 | Retail credit cards | Accumulated impairment | Non-current assets/liabilities held for sale | American Airlines Portfolio      
Disclosure of reconciliation of changes in loss allowance and explanation of changes in gross carrying amount for financial instruments [line items]      
Loans and advances (65) (64)  
Stage 1 | Retail credit cards | Accumulated impairment | Non-current assets/liabilities held for sale | German Consumer Finance portfolio      
Disclosure of reconciliation of changes in loss allowance and explanation of changes in gross carrying amount for financial instruments [line items]      
Loans and advances £ 0 £ (18)  
Stage 1 | Retail other | Non-current assets/liabilities held for sale | German Consumer Finance portfolio      
Disclosure of reconciliation of changes in loss allowance and explanation of changes in gross carrying amount for financial instruments [line items]      
Coverage ratio 0.00% 1.40%  
Stage 1 | Retail other | Gross exposure      
Disclosure of reconciliation of changes in loss allowance and explanation of changes in gross carrying amount for financial instruments [line items]      
Loans and advances £ 3,788 £ 3,329 2,734
Stage 1 | Retail other | Gross exposure | Non-current assets/liabilities held for sale | German Consumer Finance portfolio      
Disclosure of reconciliation of changes in loss allowance and explanation of changes in gross carrying amount for financial instruments [line items]      
Loans and advances 0 1,134  
Stage 1 | Retail other | Accumulated impairment      
Disclosure of reconciliation of changes in loss allowance and explanation of changes in gross carrying amount for financial instruments [line items]      
Loans and advances (7) (5) (8)
Stage 1 | Retail other | Accumulated impairment | Non-current assets/liabilities held for sale | German Consumer Finance portfolio      
Disclosure of reconciliation of changes in loss allowance and explanation of changes in gross carrying amount for financial instruments [line items]      
Loans and advances £ 0 £ (16)  
Stage 1 | Corporate loans | Non-current assets/liabilities held for sale | American Airlines Portfolio      
Disclosure of reconciliation of changes in loss allowance and explanation of changes in gross carrying amount for financial instruments [line items]      
Coverage ratio 2.30% 2.00%  
Stage 1 | Corporate loans | Gross exposure      
Disclosure of reconciliation of changes in loss allowance and explanation of changes in gross carrying amount for financial instruments [line items]      
Loans and advances £ 111,629 £ 107,194 100,956
Stage 1 | Corporate loans | Gross exposure | Non-current assets/liabilities held for sale | American Airlines Portfolio      
Disclosure of reconciliation of changes in loss allowance and explanation of changes in gross carrying amount for financial instruments [line items]      
Loans and advances 43 49  
Stage 1 | Corporate loans | Accumulated impairment      
Disclosure of reconciliation of changes in loss allowance and explanation of changes in gross carrying amount for financial instruments [line items]      
Loans and advances (141) (144) (179)
Stage 1 | Corporate loans | Accumulated impairment | Non-current assets/liabilities held for sale | American Airlines Portfolio      
Disclosure of reconciliation of changes in loss allowance and explanation of changes in gross carrying amount for financial instruments [line items]      
Loans and advances £ (1) £ (1)  
Stage 2 | Lifetime expected credit losses | Loans and advances | Non-current assets/liabilities held for sale      
Disclosure of reconciliation of changes in loss allowance and explanation of changes in gross carrying amount for financial instruments [line items]      
Coverage ratio 26.70% 18.40%  
Stage 2 | Lifetime expected credit losses | Loans and advances | Gross exposure      
Disclosure of reconciliation of changes in loss allowance and explanation of changes in gross carrying amount for financial instruments [line items]      
Loans and advances £ 11,093 £ 11,654  
Stage 2 | Lifetime expected credit losses | Loans and advances | Gross exposure | Non-current assets/liabilities held for sale      
Disclosure of reconciliation of changes in loss allowance and explanation of changes in gross carrying amount for financial instruments [line items]      
Loans and advances 472 1,225  
Stage 2 | Lifetime expected credit losses | Loans and advances | Accumulated impairment      
Disclosure of reconciliation of changes in loss allowance and explanation of changes in gross carrying amount for financial instruments [line items]      
Loans and advances (1,036) (1,063)  
Stage 2 | Lifetime expected credit losses | Loans and advances | Accumulated impairment | Non-current assets/liabilities held for sale      
Disclosure of reconciliation of changes in loss allowance and explanation of changes in gross carrying amount for financial instruments [line items]      
Loans and advances £ (126) £ (226)  
Stage 2 | Lifetime expected credit losses | Retail credit cards | Non-current assets/liabilities held for sale | American Airlines Portfolio      
Disclosure of reconciliation of changes in loss allowance and explanation of changes in gross carrying amount for financial instruments [line items]      
Coverage ratio 26.60% 23.40%  
Stage 2 | Lifetime expected credit losses | Retail credit cards | Non-current assets/liabilities held for sale | German Consumer Finance portfolio      
Disclosure of reconciliation of changes in loss allowance and explanation of changes in gross carrying amount for financial instruments [line items]      
Coverage ratio 0.00% 9.40%  
Stage 2 | Lifetime expected credit losses | Retail credit cards | Gross exposure      
Disclosure of reconciliation of changes in loss allowance and explanation of changes in gross carrying amount for financial instruments [line items]      
Loans and advances £ 2,536 £ 2,953 3,450
Stage 2 | Lifetime expected credit losses | Retail credit cards | Gross exposure | Non-current assets/liabilities held for sale | American Airlines Portfolio      
Disclosure of reconciliation of changes in loss allowance and explanation of changes in gross carrying amount for financial instruments [line items]      
Loans and advances 466 689  
Stage 2 | Lifetime expected credit losses | Retail credit cards | Gross exposure | Non-current assets/liabilities held for sale | German Consumer Finance portfolio      
Disclosure of reconciliation of changes in loss allowance and explanation of changes in gross carrying amount for financial instruments [line items]      
Loans and advances 0 307  
Stage 2 | Lifetime expected credit losses | Retail credit cards | Accumulated impairment      
Disclosure of reconciliation of changes in loss allowance and explanation of changes in gross carrying amount for financial instruments [line items]      
Loans and advances (796) (807) (1,138)
Stage 2 | Lifetime expected credit losses | Retail credit cards | Accumulated impairment | Non-current assets/liabilities held for sale | American Airlines Portfolio      
Disclosure of reconciliation of changes in loss allowance and explanation of changes in gross carrying amount for financial instruments [line items]      
Loans and advances (124) (161)  
Stage 2 | Lifetime expected credit losses | Retail credit cards | Accumulated impairment | Non-current assets/liabilities held for sale | German Consumer Finance portfolio      
Disclosure of reconciliation of changes in loss allowance and explanation of changes in gross carrying amount for financial instruments [line items]      
Loans and advances £ 0 £ (29)  
Stage 2 | Lifetime expected credit losses | Retail other | Non-current assets/liabilities held for sale | German Consumer Finance portfolio      
Disclosure of reconciliation of changes in loss allowance and explanation of changes in gross carrying amount for financial instruments [line items]      
Coverage ratio 0.00% 15.00%  
Stage 2 | Lifetime expected credit losses | Retail other | Gross exposure      
Disclosure of reconciliation of changes in loss allowance and explanation of changes in gross carrying amount for financial instruments [line items]      
Loans and advances £ 265 £ 404 369
Stage 2 | Lifetime expected credit losses | Retail other | Gross exposure | Non-current assets/liabilities held for sale | German Consumer Finance portfolio      
Disclosure of reconciliation of changes in loss allowance and explanation of changes in gross carrying amount for financial instruments [line items]      
Loans and advances 0 220  
Stage 2 | Lifetime expected credit losses | Retail other | Accumulated impairment      
Disclosure of reconciliation of changes in loss allowance and explanation of changes in gross carrying amount for financial instruments [line items]      
Loans and advances (5) (1) (2)
Stage 2 | Lifetime expected credit losses | Retail other | Accumulated impairment | Non-current assets/liabilities held for sale | German Consumer Finance portfolio      
Disclosure of reconciliation of changes in loss allowance and explanation of changes in gross carrying amount for financial instruments [line items]      
Loans and advances £ 0 £ (33)  
Stage 2 | Lifetime expected credit losses | Corporate loans | Non-current assets/liabilities held for sale | American Airlines Portfolio      
Disclosure of reconciliation of changes in loss allowance and explanation of changes in gross carrying amount for financial instruments [line items]      
Coverage ratio 33.30% 33.30%  
Stage 2 | Lifetime expected credit losses | Corporate loans | Gross exposure      
Disclosure of reconciliation of changes in loss allowance and explanation of changes in gross carrying amount for financial instruments [line items]      
Loans and advances £ 8,156 £ 8,147 8,967
Stage 2 | Lifetime expected credit losses | Corporate loans | Gross exposure | Non-current assets/liabilities held for sale | American Airlines Portfolio      
Disclosure of reconciliation of changes in loss allowance and explanation of changes in gross carrying amount for financial instruments [line items]      
Loans and advances 6 9  
Stage 2 | Lifetime expected credit losses | Corporate loans | Accumulated impairment      
Disclosure of reconciliation of changes in loss allowance and explanation of changes in gross carrying amount for financial instruments [line items]      
Loans and advances (235) (254) (309)
Stage 2 | Lifetime expected credit losses | Corporate loans | Accumulated impairment | Non-current assets/liabilities held for sale | American Airlines Portfolio      
Disclosure of reconciliation of changes in loss allowance and explanation of changes in gross carrying amount for financial instruments [line items]      
Loans and advances £ (2) £ (3)  
Stage 3 | Lifetime expected credit losses | Loans and advances | Non-current assets/liabilities held for sale      
Disclosure of reconciliation of changes in loss allowance and explanation of changes in gross carrying amount for financial instruments [line items]      
Coverage ratio 81.50% 73.90%  
Stage 3 | Lifetime expected credit losses | Loans and advances | Gross exposure      
Disclosure of reconciliation of changes in loss allowance and explanation of changes in gross carrying amount for financial instruments [line items]      
Loans and advances £ 4,418 £ 3,904  
Stage 3 | Lifetime expected credit losses | Loans and advances | Gross exposure | Non-current assets/liabilities held for sale      
Disclosure of reconciliation of changes in loss allowance and explanation of changes in gross carrying amount for financial instruments [line items]      
Loans and advances 54 222  
Stage 3 | Lifetime expected credit losses | Loans and advances | Accumulated impairment      
Disclosure of reconciliation of changes in loss allowance and explanation of changes in gross carrying amount for financial instruments [line items]      
Loans and advances (2,029) (1,866)  
Stage 3 | Lifetime expected credit losses | Loans and advances | Accumulated impairment | Non-current assets/liabilities held for sale      
Disclosure of reconciliation of changes in loss allowance and explanation of changes in gross carrying amount for financial instruments [line items]      
Loans and advances £ (44) £ (164)  
Stage 3 | Lifetime expected credit losses | Retail credit cards | Non-current assets/liabilities held for sale | American Airlines Portfolio      
Disclosure of reconciliation of changes in loss allowance and explanation of changes in gross carrying amount for financial instruments [line items]      
Coverage ratio 81.50% 80.70%  
Stage 3 | Lifetime expected credit losses | Retail credit cards | Non-current assets/liabilities held for sale | German Consumer Finance portfolio      
Disclosure of reconciliation of changes in loss allowance and explanation of changes in gross carrying amount for financial instruments [line items]      
Coverage ratio 0.00% 74.20%  
Stage 3 | Lifetime expected credit losses | Retail credit cards | Gross exposure      
Disclosure of reconciliation of changes in loss allowance and explanation of changes in gross carrying amount for financial instruments [line items]      
Loans and advances £ 1,776 £ 1,724 1,522
Stage 3 | Lifetime expected credit losses | Retail credit cards | Gross exposure | Non-current assets/liabilities held for sale | American Airlines Portfolio      
Disclosure of reconciliation of changes in loss allowance and explanation of changes in gross carrying amount for financial instruments [line items]      
Loans and advances 54 57  
Stage 3 | Lifetime expected credit losses | Retail credit cards | Gross exposure | Non-current assets/liabilities held for sale | German Consumer Finance portfolio      
Disclosure of reconciliation of changes in loss allowance and explanation of changes in gross carrying amount for financial instruments [line items]      
Loans and advances 0 93  
Stage 3 | Lifetime expected credit losses | Retail credit cards | Accumulated impairment      
Disclosure of reconciliation of changes in loss allowance and explanation of changes in gross carrying amount for financial instruments [line items]      
Loans and advances (1,395) (1,416) (1,226)
Stage 3 | Lifetime expected credit losses | Retail credit cards | Accumulated impairment | Non-current assets/liabilities held for sale | American Airlines Portfolio      
Disclosure of reconciliation of changes in loss allowance and explanation of changes in gross carrying amount for financial instruments [line items]      
Loans and advances (44) (46)  
Stage 3 | Lifetime expected credit losses | Retail credit cards | Accumulated impairment | Non-current assets/liabilities held for sale | German Consumer Finance portfolio      
Disclosure of reconciliation of changes in loss allowance and explanation of changes in gross carrying amount for financial instruments [line items]      
Loans and advances £ 0 £ (69)  
Stage 3 | Lifetime expected credit losses | Retail other | Non-current assets/liabilities held for sale | German Consumer Finance portfolio      
Disclosure of reconciliation of changes in loss allowance and explanation of changes in gross carrying amount for financial instruments [line items]      
Coverage ratio 0.00% 67.60%  
Stage 3 | Lifetime expected credit losses | Retail other | Gross exposure      
Disclosure of reconciliation of changes in loss allowance and explanation of changes in gross carrying amount for financial instruments [line items]      
Loans and advances £ 107 £ 216 308
Stage 3 | Lifetime expected credit losses | Retail other | Gross exposure | Non-current assets/liabilities held for sale | German Consumer Finance portfolio      
Disclosure of reconciliation of changes in loss allowance and explanation of changes in gross carrying amount for financial instruments [line items]      
Loans and advances 0 71  
Stage 3 | Lifetime expected credit losses | Retail other | Accumulated impairment      
Disclosure of reconciliation of changes in loss allowance and explanation of changes in gross carrying amount for financial instruments [line items]      
Loans and advances (20) (25) (35)
Stage 3 | Lifetime expected credit losses | Retail other | Accumulated impairment | Non-current assets/liabilities held for sale | German Consumer Finance portfolio      
Disclosure of reconciliation of changes in loss allowance and explanation of changes in gross carrying amount for financial instruments [line items]      
Loans and advances £ 0 £ (48)  
Stage 3 | Lifetime expected credit losses | Corporate loans | Non-current assets/liabilities held for sale | American Airlines Portfolio      
Disclosure of reconciliation of changes in loss allowance and explanation of changes in gross carrying amount for financial instruments [line items]      
Coverage ratio 0.00% 100.00%  
Stage 3 | Lifetime expected credit losses | Corporate loans | Gross exposure      
Disclosure of reconciliation of changes in loss allowance and explanation of changes in gross carrying amount for financial instruments [line items]      
Loans and advances £ 2,360 £ 1,654 1,235
Stage 3 | Lifetime expected credit losses | Corporate loans | Gross exposure | Non-current assets/liabilities held for sale | American Airlines Portfolio      
Disclosure of reconciliation of changes in loss allowance and explanation of changes in gross carrying amount for financial instruments [line items]      
Loans and advances 0 1  
Stage 3 | Lifetime expected credit losses | Corporate loans | Accumulated impairment      
Disclosure of reconciliation of changes in loss allowance and explanation of changes in gross carrying amount for financial instruments [line items]      
Loans and advances (590) (393) £ (348)
Stage 3 | Lifetime expected credit losses | Corporate loans | Accumulated impairment | Non-current assets/liabilities held for sale | American Airlines Portfolio      
Disclosure of reconciliation of changes in loss allowance and explanation of changes in gross carrying amount for financial instruments [line items]      
Loans and advances £ 0 £ (1)