19. Income taxes

(a) The reconciliation of income tax attributed to continuing operations computed at the statutory tax rates to income tax expense is as follows:

		2025			2024			2023
Loss before income taxes	$	(668,749	)	$	(3,062,798	)	$	(2,691,670	)
Statutory tax rate		26.5%			26.5%			26.5%
Expected income tax recovery	$	(177,218	)	$	(811,641	)	$	(713,293	)
Accretion expense and loss (gain) on convertible debentures and derivative liabilities		(285,390	)		224,771			283,688
Stock-based compensation		-			1,727			57,761
Non-deductible (non-taxable) expenses and financing costs		8,746			239,387			(13,660	)
Effect of changes in exchange rates		61,744			30,403			74,714
Other		9,382			-			-
Change in deferred tax assets not recognized		382,736			315,353			310,790
	$	-		$	-		$	-

(b) Deferred income taxes reflect the net tax effect of temporary differences between the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities for financial reporting purposes and amounts used for income tax purposes. Significant components of the Company's deferred tax assets and liabilities are as follows:

		2025			2024			2023
Non-capital losses	$	9,579,099		$	9,163,035		$	8,833,940
Capital losses		158,010			159,162			159,671
Property, equipment, patents and deferred costs		1,559,553			1,591,255			1,605,743
	$	11,296,662		$	10,913,452		$	10,599,354
Deferred tax asset not recognized		(11,296,662	)		(10,913,452	)		(10,599,354	)
	$	-		$	-		$	-

As at October 31, 2025 and 2024, the Company assessed that it is not probable that sufficient taxable profit will be available to use deferred income tax assets based on operating losses in prior years; therefore, there are no balances carried in the consolidated statements of financial position for such assets.

(c) The Company has non-capital losses of approximately $36 million available to reduce future taxable income, the benefit of which has not been recognized in these consolidated financial statements. As at October 31, 2025, the tax losses expire as follows:

		Canada		United States		Total
2026	$	1,713,894	$	-	$	1,713,894
2027		1,441,250		-		1,441,250
2028		-		-		-
2029		1,477,090		143,721		1,620,811
2030		1,992,980		1,880,897		3,873,877
2031		1,200,708		18,526		1,219,234
2032		1,330,697		325,793		1,656,490
2033		1,612,936		157,463		1,770,399
2034		2,333,371		679,089		3,012,460
2035		2,636,912		570,901		3,207,813
2036		3,094,565		441,019		3,535,584
2037		2,477,289		232,714		2,710,003
2038		1,674,739		317		1,675,056
2039		1,498,126		-		1,498,126
2040		504,648		-		504,648
2041		874,389		-		874,389
2042		1,241,057		-		1,241,057
2043		1,474,043		-		1,474,043
2044		1,329,031		-		1,329,031
2045		1,789,382		-		1,789,382
	$	31,697,105	$	4,450,440	$	36,147,545

(d) In addition, the Company has available capital loss carryforwards of approximately $1.2 million to reduce future taxable capital gains, the benefit of which has not been recognized in these consolidated financial statements. Capital losses carry forward indefinitely.