ACCOUNTING POLICIES, CRITICAL ACCOUNTING ESTIMATES AND JUDGMENTS (Policies) |
12 Months Ended |
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Dec. 31, 2025 | |
| ACCOUNTING POLICIES, CRITICAL ACCOUNTING ESTIMATES AND JUDGEMENTS | |
| Consolidation principles | Consolidation Principles The consolidated financial statements comprise the financial statements of the parent company, TORM plc and entities controlled by the Company and its subsidiaries. Control is achieved when the Company has all the following: •Power over the investee •Exposure, or rights, to variable returns from its involvement with the investee •The ability to use its power over the investee to affect the amounts of the investor’s returns TORM reassesses whether it controls an investee if facts and circumstances indicate that there are changes to one or more of the three elements of control listed above. When the Company has less than a majority of the voting rights of an investee, it has power over the investee when the voting rights are sufficient to give it the practical ability to direct the relevant activities unilaterally. The Company considers all facts and circumstances in assessing whether or not the Company’s voting rights in an investee are sufficient to give it power, including: •The size of the Company’s holding of voting rights relative to the size and dispersion of holdings of the other vote holders •Potential voting rights held by the Company, other vote holders, or other parties •Rights arising from other contractual arrangements •Any additional facts and circumstances which indicate that the Company has, or does not have, the current ability to direct the relevant activities at the time when decisions need to be made, including voting pattern at previous shareholders’ meetings Entities in which the Group exercises significant but not controlling influence are regarded as associated companies and are accounted for using the equity method. Companies which are managed jointly by agreement with one or more companies and therefore are subject to joint control (joint ventures) are accounted for using the equity method. NOTE 1 – continued Consolidation of a subsidiary begins when the Company obtains control over the subsidiary and ends when the Company loses control over the subsidiary. Specifically, income and expenses of a subsidiary acquired or disposed of during the year are included in the consolidated income statement and other comprehensive income from the date on which the Company obtains control until the date when the Company loses control over the subsidiary. The consolidated financial statements are prepared using consistent accounting policies and eliminating intercompany transactions, balances, and shareholdings as well as gains and losses on transactions between the consolidated entities.
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| Foreign currencies | Foreign Currencies The functional currency of all significant entities, including subsidiaries and associated companies, is United States Dollars (USD) because the Company’s vessels operate in international shipping markets, in which income and expenses are settled in USD, and because the Company’s most significant assets and liabilities in the form of vessels and related liabilities are denominated in USD. Transactions in currencies other than the functional currency are translated into the functional currency at the transaction date. Cash, receivables and payables and other monetary items denominated in currencies other than the functional currency are translated into the functional currency at the exchange rate at the balance sheet date. Gains or losses due to differences between the exchange rate at the transaction date and the exchange rate at the settlement date or the balance sheet date are recognized in the income statement under “Financial income” and “Financial expenses”. The reporting currency of the Company is USD. Upon recognition of entities with functional currencies other than USD, the financial statements are translated into USD. Income statement items are translated into USD at the exchange rate for each transaction, whereas balance sheet items are translated at the exchange rate as of the balance sheet date. Exchange differences arising from the translation of financial statements into USD are recognized as a separate component in “Other comprehensive income”. On the disposal of an entity, the cumulative amount of the exchange differences recognized in the separate component of equity relating to that entity is transferred to the income statement as part of the gain or loss on disposal.
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| Income statement | Income Statement Port expenses, bunkers, and commissions and other costs of goods and services sold Port expenses, bunker fuel consumption, commissions, and other costs of goods sold are recognized as incurred. To the extent that the costs are recoverable, costs directly attributable to relocate the vessel to the load port are capitalized and amortized over the course of the transportation period. Gains and losses on forward bunker contracts, forward freight agreements (FFA) as well as write-down for losses on trade receivables are included in this line.
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| Operating expenses | Operating expenses Operating expenses, which comprise crew expenses, repair and maintenance expenses, and tonnage duty, are expensed as incurred. Profit from sale of vessels Profit from sale of vessels is recognized at the time of delivery to the buyer, representing the difference between the sales price less costs to sell and the carrying value of the vessel. Administrative expenses Administrative expenses, which comprise administrative staff costs, management costs, office expenses, and other expenses relating to administration, are expensed as incurred. Other operating expenses and income Other operating expenses primarily comprise management fees paid to commercial and technical managers for managing the fleet, profits and losses deriving from the disposal of fixed assets other than vessels as well as claims and disputes provisions.
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| Depreciation and impairment losses and reversals of impairment losses | Depreciation and impairment losses and reversals of impairment losses Depreciation and impairment losses comprise depreciation of tangible fixed assets for the year as well as the write-down of the value of assets by the amount by which the carrying amount of the asset exceeds its recoverable amount. In the event of indication of impairment, the carrying amount is assessed, and the value of the asset is written down to its recoverable amount equal to the higher of value in use based on net present value of future earnings from the assets and its fair value less costs to sell. Subsequent reversal of impairment losses is recognized if the recoverable amount exceeds the carrying amount to the extent that the carrying amount does not exceed the carrying amount without any historical impairment losses.
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| Financial assets | Financial assets Financial assets are initially recognized on the settlement date at fair value plus transaction costs, except for financial assets at fair value through profit or loss, which are recognized at fair value. Financial assets are derecognized when the rights to receive cash flows from the assets have expired or have been transferred.
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| Investments in joint ventures | Investments in joint ventures Investments in joint ventures comprise investments in companies which by agreement are managed jointly with one or more companies and therefore are subject to joint control and in which the parties have rights to the net assets of the joint venture. Joint ventures are accounted for using the equity method. Under the equity method, the investment in joint ventures is initially recognized at cost and thereafter adjusted to recognize TORM’s share of the profit or loss in the joint venture. When TORM’s share of losses in a joint venture exceeds the investment in the joint venture, TORM discontinues recognizing its share of further losses. Additional losses are recognized only to the extent that TORM has incurred legal or constructive obligations or made payments on behalf of the joint venture.
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| Treasury shares | Treasury shares Treasury shares are recognized as a separate component of equity at cost. Upon subsequent disposal of treasury shares, any consideration is also recognized directly in equity.
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| Dividend | Dividend Interim dividends are recognized when paid. Any year-end dividend is recognized as a liability at the date of approval at the AGM.
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| Other non-current liabilities | Other non-current liabilities Other non-current liabilities consist of long-term employee-related liabilities related to the frozen Danish holiday funds in connection with the transition to the new Danish Holiday Act. TORM has elected to keep the holiday funds until the employees, covered at the transition date, reach the age of retirement. The liability is remeasured annually based on an index rate published by the Holiday Allowance fund.
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| Trade payables | Trade payables Trade payables are recognized at the fair value of the item purchased and are subsequently measured at amortized cost.
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| Deferred income | Deferred income Deferred income relates to amounts received from customers in advance of the related performance obligations being satisfied.
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| Cash flow statement | Cash flow statement The cash flow statement shows how income and changes in the balance sheet items affect cash and cash equivalent, i.e. how cash is generated or used in the period. The cash flow statement is presented in accordance with the indirect method commencing with “Net profit/(loss) for the year”. Cash flow from operating activities converts income statement items from the accrual basis of accounting to cash basis. Starting with “Net profit/(loss) for the year”, non-cash items are reversed, and actual payments are included. Further, the change in working capital is taken into account. Cash flow from investing activities comprises the cash used or received in the purchase and sale of tangible fixed assets and financial assets as well as cash from business combinations. Cash flow from financing activities comprises changes in the cash used or received in borrowings (amount of new borrowings and repayments), purchases or sales of treasury shares, dividends paid to shareholders. Cash and cash equivalents including restricted cash comprise cash and short-term bank deposits with an original maturity of three months or less. The carrying amount of these assets is approximately equal to their fair value. Cash and cash equivalents including restricted cash at the end of the reporting period are shown in the consolidated cash flow statement and can be reconciled to the related items in the consolidated balance sheet. The restricted cash balance relates to cash provided as security for initial margin calls and negative market values on derivatives as well as a sale and leaseback transaction prepayment to be released upon delivery of the vessel.
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| Critical accounting estimates and judgments | Critical Accounting Estimates and Judgments The preparation of financial statements in accordance with IFRS requires the Management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements, and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. These estimates and assumptions are affected by the way TORM applies its accounting policies. An accounting estimate is considered critical if the estimate requires the Management to make assumptions about matters subject to significant uncertainty, if different estimates could reasonably have been used, or if changes in the estimate that would have a material impact on the Company’s financial position or results of operations are reasonably likely to occur from period to period. The Management believes that the accounting estimates applied are appropriate and the resulting balances are reasonable. However, actual results could differ from the original estimates requiring adjustments to these balances in future periods. The Management also makes various accounting judgments in the preparation of the consolidated financial statements which can affect the amounts recognized. Judgments The Management has assessed that TORM has two cash-generating units (CGUs), being the Tanker Fleet and the Marine Engineering cash-generating units. The Tanker Fleet is comprised of TORM’s LR1, LR2 and MR vessels, which are largely interchangeable, and the cash flows generated by them are interdependent. These vessels are operated via the One TORM platform collectively as a combined internal pool, employed principally in the spot market, and actively managed to meet the needs of our customers in that market, particularly regarding the location of vessels meeting required specifications and the price of transport rather than vessel class. Given the technical specifications and capacity of vessels, the Tanker Fleet is relatively homogenous with a very high degree of interoperability. All vessels in the Tanker Fleet can handle multiple sizes of cargo and sail all seas and oceans, over both shorter and long distances. The Tanker Fleet is monitored and managed on an aggregated level as one pool, i.e. each vessel or vessel class does not generate cash inflows which are largely independent of those from other vessels or vessel classes. The MR vessels acquired in prior years with chemical trading capability are operated as all other product tanker vessels and thus included in the Tanker Fleet CGU. NOTE 1 – continued In addition, the activities within the Marine Engineering segment represent a single CGU because cash inflows are generated independent of the cash inflows from the Tanker Fleet from serving the existing external customer base of the Marine Engineering segment. Estimates Carrying amounts of vessels The Company evaluates the carrying amounts of the vessels to determine if events have occurred which would require a modification of their carrying amounts. The recoverable amount of vessels is reviewed based on events or changes in circumstances which would indicate that the carrying amount of its vessels might not be recoverable. In assessing the recoverability of the vessels, the Company reviews certain indicators of potential impairment or indication of any past impairment losses that should be reversed. If an indication of impairment or reversal of past impairment is identified, the need for recognizing an impairment loss or a recognition of a reversal of a past impairment loss is assessed by comparing the carrying amount of the vessels to the higher of the fair value less costs of disposal and the value in use. The Management assesses indicators of impairment that include, but are not limited to, broker vessel values, time charter rates, weighted average cost of capital, and any other adverse impacts from current economic, environmental, and geopolitical uncertainty, as well as the carrying amount of the net assets against the market capitalization. The fair value less cost of disposal of the vessels is based on the market approach which considers the valuations from two internationally acknowledged shipbrokers with appropriate qualifications and recent experience in the valuation of vessels. The shipbrokers’ primary input is deadweight tonnage, yard, and age of the vessel. The fair value assumes that the vessels are in good and seaworthy condition and with prompt, charter-free delivery. The assessment of the value in use is based on projection of future discounted cash flows related to the vessels which is complex and requires the Company to make various estimates including future freight rates, utilization, earnings from the vessels, future operating expenses and capital expenditure including dry-docking costs and discount rates All these factors have been historically volatile, especially the freight rates. The carrying amounts of TORM’s vessels may not represent their fair market value at any point in time, as market prices of second-hand vessels to a certain degree tend to fluctuate with changes in freight rates and the cost of newbuildings. However, if the estimated future cash flow or related assumptions in the future change, an impairment write-down or reversal of impairment may be required. For more information refer to Note 12.
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| Segment | The segmentation is based on the Group’s internal management and reporting structure. The Group has two operating segments, the Tanker segment, for which the services provided primarily comprise transportation of refined oil products such as gasoline, jet fuel, and naphtha, and the Marine Engineering segment for which the services provided primarily comprise developing and producing advanced and green marine equipment. Transactions between the segments are based on market-related prices and are eliminated at Group level. TORM considers the global product tanker market as a whole, and as the individual vessels are not limited to specific parts of the world, the Group has only one geographical segment for the Tanker segment. Further, the internal management reporting does not provide geographical information for either the Tanker segment or the Marine Engineering segment. Consequently, geographical segment information on revenue from external customers or non-current segment assets for the Tanker segment or the Marine Engineering segment are not provided
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| Revenue | Revenue Income is recognized in the income statement when: •The income generating activities have been carried out on the basis of a binding agreement •The income can be measured reliably •It is probable that the economic benefits associated with the transaction will flow to the Company Revenue comprises freight, charter hire, and demurrage revenue from the vessels as well as Marine Engineering revenue. Revenue is recognized when or as performance obligations are satisfied by transferring services to the customer, i.e. over time, provided that the stage of completion can be measured reliably. Revenue is measured as the consideration that the Group expects to be entitled to. Freight revenue including charter hire and demurrage (and related voyage costs) are recognized in the income statement according to the entered charter parties from the date of load to the date of delivery of the cargo (discharge). The completion is determined using the load-to- discharge method based on the percentage of the estimated duration of the voyage completed at the reporting date because the customer receives the benefit during the voyage as it is provided. Cross-over voyages For cross-over voyages (voyages in progress at the end of a reporting period), the uncertainty and the dependence on estimates are greater than for finalized voyages. The Company recognizes a percentage of the estimated revenue for the voyage equal to the percentage of the estimated duration of the voyage completed at the balance sheet date. The estimate of revenue is based on the expected duration and destination of the voyage. NOTE 4 – continued When recognizing revenue, there is a risk that the actual number of days it takes to complete the voyage will differ from the estimate. The contract for a single voyage may state several alternative destination ports. The destination port may change during the voyage, and the rate may vary depending on the destination port. Changes to the estimated duration of the voyage as well as changing destinations and weather conditions will affect the voyage expenses. Demurrage revenue Freight contracts contain conditions regarding the amount of time available for loading and discharging of the vessel. If these conditions are breached, TORM is compensated for the additional time incurred in the form of demurrage revenue. Demurrage revenue is recognized in accordance with the terms and conditions of the charter parties. Upon completion of the voyage, the Company assesses the time spent in port, and a demurrage claim based on the relevant contractual conditions is submitted to the charterers. The claim will often be met by counterclaims due to differences in the interpretation of the agreement compared to the actual circumstances of the additional time used. Based on previous experience, 97% of the demurrage claim submitted is recognized as demurrage revenue upon initial recognition. For cross-over voyages, an estimate of incurred demurrage is recognized at the balance sheet date. The Company receives the demurrage payment upon reaching final agreement on the amount, which could be up to approximately 100 days after the original demurrage claim was submitted. Any adjustments to the final agreement are recognized as demurrage revenue. Marine Engineering revenue Some of the Group’s contracts with customers relate to the sale of marine engineering equipment with installation services. Customers obtain control of the marine engineering equipment with installation services when the goods are delivered to the customer, they have completed commissioning and delivery has been accepted by the customers. When without installation services, customers obtain control of the marine engineering equipment when the goods are delivered to and have been accepted by the customers. Revenue is thus recognized upon the customers obtaining control. There is generally only one performance obligation related hereto. A warranty provision is recognized for expected repair costs related to warranty claims for sold marine engineering equipment within the standard warranty period of one year. These provisions are recognized when the equipment is sold and are based on historical experience. The warranty provision estimates are updated annually.
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| Employee benefits | Employee benefits Wages, salaries, social security contributions, holiday and sick leave, bonuses, and other monetary and non-monetary benefits are recognized in the year in which the employees render the associated services. Please also refer to the Accounting Policy for share-based payment.
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| Pension plans | Pension plans The Group has entered into defined contribution plans only. Pension costs related to defined contribution plans are recorded in the income statement in the year to which they relate.
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| Share-based payments | Share-based payments The Group makes equity-settled share-based payments to certain employees, which are measured at fair value at the date of grant and expensed on a straight-line basis over the vesting period, based on the Group’s estimate of shares which will eventually vest. The fair value of the share schemes is calculated using the Black-Scholes model at the grant date.
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| Financial income and expenses | Financial income Financial income comprises interest income, realized and unrealized exchange rate gains relating to transactions in currencies other than the functional currency, realized gains from other equity investments and securities, unrealized gains from securities, dividends received, and other financial income. Interest is recognized in accordance with the accrual basis of accounting considering the effective interest rate. Dividends from other investments are recognized when the right to receive payment has been decided, which is typically when the dividend has been declared and can be received without conditions. Financial expenses Financial expenses comprise interest expenses, financing costs of leases liabilities, realized and unrealized exchange rate losses relating to transactions in currencies other than the functional currency, realized losses from other equity investments and securities, unrealized losses from securities, and other financial expenses including payments under interest rate hedge instruments. Interest is recognized in accordance with the accrual basis of accounting considering the effective interest rate.
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| Tax | Tax Tax expenses comprise the expected income tax charge for the year in accordance with IAS 12 as well as tonnage tax related to the Group’s vessels for the year. The income tax charge for the year includes adjustments relating to previous years and the change in deferred tax for the year. However, income tax relating to items in other comprehensive income is recognized directly in the statement of other comprehensive income.
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| Deferred tax | Deferred tax Deferred tax is recognized in respect of temporary differences between the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities for financial reporting purposes and the amounts used for income tax purposes. Deferred tax is calculated at the income tax rates which are expected to apply in the period when the liability is settled or the asset is realized, based on the laws which have been enacted or substantially enacted at the balance sheet date. The deferred tax is charged through the income statement except when it relates to other comprehensive income items. No deferred tax is recognized related to assets and liabilities, including vessels which are subject to tonnage tax.
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| Income tax balances | Income tax balances The expected income tax payable on the taxable profits for the year is classified as current tax in the balance sheet. Income taxes expected to fall due after more than one year are classified as non-current liabilities or assets in the balance sheet. Income tax is measured using tax rates enacted or substantially enacted at the balance sheet date and includes any adjustment to tax payable in respect of previous years. Current and non-current income tax balances are not discounted.
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| Goodwill | Goodwill Goodwill is measured as the excess of the cost of the business combination over the fair value of the acquired assets, liabilities, and contingent liabilities and is recognized as an asset under intangible assets. For each business combination, TORM elects whether to measure the non-controlling interests in the acquiree at fair value or at the proportionate share of the acquiree’s identifiable net assets. Acquisition-related costs are expensed as incurred and included in administrative expenses. Goodwill is not amortized as it is considered to have an indefinite useful life, but the recoverable amount of goodwill is assessed annually. For impairment testing purposes, goodwill is on initial recognition allocated to the cash generating unit expected to benefit from the synergies of the combination. If the recoverable amount of the cash generating unit is less than the carrying amount of the unit, the impairment loss is first allocated to reduce the carrying amount of any goodwill allocated to the unit and then to the other assets of the unit pro-rata on the basis of the carrying amount of each asset in the unit. An impairment loss for goodwill is not reversed in a subsequent period.
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| Other intangible assets | Other Intangible Assets Other intangible assets consist of software and customer list acquired in connection with the Marine Exhaust Technology A/S acquisition. Other intangible assets are measured at cost less accumulated amortization and impairment losses. Other intangible assets are considered as having finite useful lives and are amortized on a straight-line basis over: •Software: 3 years •Customer list: 7 years
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| Tangible fixed assets | Vessels Vessels consist of owned vessels and vessels financed via sale and leaseback transactions. Vessels are measured at cost less accumulated depreciation and accumulated impairment losses. Costs comprise acquisition costs and costs directly related to the acquisition up until the time when the asset is ready for use, including interest expenses incurred during the period of construction. In partly share-based acquisitions, vessels are measured at fair value at the delivery date, where the purchase price is compared to valuations from two internationally acknowledged shipbrokers with appropriate qualifications and recent experience in the valuation of vessels and adjusted if a material difference is identified. All major components of vessels (scrubbers, etc.) except for dry-docking costs are depreciated on a straight-line basis to the estimated residual value over their estimated useful life. Different drivers such as TORM’s short and long-term climate targets, the revised IMO’s Green House Gas Strategy, and other new regulation and policies with increased focus on carbon reduction on both short and long-term impact the determination of the estimated useful life. Considering the different drivers, TORM estimates the useful life to be 25 years for newbuildings - in line with previous years and with what is used by other shipowners with comparable tonnage. Depreciation is based on costs less the estimated residual value. Residual value is estimated as the lightweight tonnage of each vessel multiplied by the recycling prices per ton. TORM has completed phasing in green recycling prices in the calculation of residual values by applying a weighted average of green recycling and conventional recycling prices, while using a 3- year average to limit volatility. The useful life and the residual value of the vessels are reviewed at least at each financial year-end based on market conditions, regulatory requirements, and TORM’s business plans. TORM also evaluates the carrying amounts to determine if events have occurred which indicate impairment and would require a modification of the carrying amounts at the reporting date. Prepayment on vessels is measured at costs incurred. Dry-docking Approximately every 24 and 60 months, depending on the nature of work and external requirements, the vessels are required to undergo planned dry-dockings for replacement of certain components, major repairs, and major maintenance of other components, which cannot be carried out while the vessels are operating. These dry-docking costs are capitalized and depreciated on a straight-line basis over the estimated period until the next dry-docking. The residual value of such components is estimated at nil. The useful life of the dry-docking costs is reviewed at least at each financial year-end based on market conditions, regulatory requirements, and TORM’s business plans. A portion of the cost of acquiring a new vessel is allocated to the components expected to be replaced or refurbished at the next dry- docking. Depreciation thereof is carried over the period until the next dry-docking. For newbuildings, the initial dry-docking asset is estimated based on the expected costs related to the first-coming dry-docking, which again is based on experience and history of similar vessels. For second-hand vessels, a dry-docking asset is also segregated and capitalized separately, taking into account the normal docking intervals of the vessels. At subsequent dry-dockings, the costs comprise the actual costs incurred at the dry-docking yard. Dry-docking costs may include the cost of hiring crews to carry out replacements and repairs, the cost of parts and materials used, the cost of travel, lodging and supervision of Company personnel as well as the cost of hiring third-party personnel to oversee a dry-docking. Dry-docking activities include, but are not limited to, the inspection, service on turbocharger, replacement of shaft seals, service on boiler, replacement of hull anodes, applying of anti-fouling and hull paint, steel repairs as well as refurbishment and replacement of other parts of the vessel. Prepayments on vessels Prepayments consist of prepayments related to the purchase of second-hand vessels not yet delivered and to newbuilding contracts for vessels not yet delivered which also include the share of borrowing costs directly attributable to the acquisition of the underlying vessel. When a vessel is delivered, the prepaid amount is reallocated to the financial statement line “Vessels and capitalized dry-docking”. NOTE 10 – continued Land and buildings and other plant and operating equipment Land and buildings and other plant and operating equipment consist of leaseholds regarding office buildings, leasehold improvements, company cars, IT equipment, and software and is measured at historical cost less accumulated depreciation and any impairment loss. Any subsequent cost is included in the asset’s carrying amount or recognized as a separate asset only when it is probable that future economic benefits are associated with the item and the cost of the item can be measured reliably. Depreciation is based on the straight- line method over the estimated useful life of the assets. The current estimates are: •Land and buildings •Office buildings: Over the shorter of the remaining leasing term and the estimated useful life •Leasehold improvements: Over the shorter of the remaining leasing term and the estimated useful life •Other plant and operating equipment: •Company cars: Over the lease term, typically 3 years •IT equipment: 3–5 years •Software: 3–5 years •Other equipment 3–15 years The depreciation commences when the asset is available for use, i.e. when it is in the location and condition necessary for it to be capable of operating in the manner intended by the Management. For a right-of-use asset, depreciation commences at the commencement date of the lease.
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| Assets held for sale | Assets held for sale Assets are classified as held-for-sale if the carrying amount will be recovered principally through a sales transaction rather than through continuing use. This condition is regarded as met only when the asset is available for immediate sale in its present condition subject to terms which are usual and customary for sales of such assets, and when its sale is highly probable. The Management must be committed to the sale, which should be expected to qualify for recognition as a completed sale within one year from the date of classification. Assets held for sale mainly refer to vessels being sold and are measured at the lower of their previous carrying amount and fair value less costs to sell. Gains are recognized on delivery to the new owners in the income statement in the item “Profit from sale of vessels”. Anticipated losses are recognized at the time when the asset is classified as held-for-sale in the item “Impairment losses on tangible and intangible assets”.
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| Leases | TORM assesses whether a contract is or contains a lease at inception of the contract and recognizes right-of-use assets and corresponding lease liabilities at the lease commencement date, except for short-term leases and leases of low value. For these leases, TORM recognizes the lease payments as an operating expense on a straight-line basis over the term of the lease. Agreements to charter in vessels and to lease land and buildings and other plant and operating equipment for which TORM substantially has the control are recognized on the balance sheet as right-of-use assets and initially measured at cost, which comprises the initial amount of the lease liabilities adjusted for any lease payments made at or before the commencement date. Subsequently the right-of-use assets are measured at cost less accumulated depreciation and impairment losses. The right-of-use assets are depreciated and written down under the same accounting policy as the assets owned by the Company or over the lease period depending on the lease terms. The corresponding lease obligation is recognized as a liability in the balance sheet under “Borrowings” and initially measured at the present value of the lease payments that are not paid at the commencement date. The Company uses its incremental borrowing rate at the lease commencement date because the interest rate implicit in the lease is not readily determinable. Subsequently lease liabilities are measured at amortized cost using the effective interest method, where the lease liabilities are remeasured when there is a change in future lease payments. Leases to charter out vessels are classified as operating leases as the leases are short-term in nature and usually less than one year. Chartered-out vessels are presented as part of Vessels and capitalized dry-docking. Please refer to Note 6. The lease income is recognized in the income statement on a straight-line basis over the lease term. Following a sale transaction, for agreements to immediately charter in the related vessels (sale and leaseback) but for which TORM maintains substantially all the risks and rewards incidental to economic ownership including repurchase options at lower value that the initial sales price, the proceeds received are presented as a financial liability in “Borrowings”. No gain or loss is recorded, and the asset remains recognized on the balance sheet under Vessels and capitalized dry-docking.
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| Impairment of assets | Impairment of assets Non-current assets are reviewed at the reporting date to determine any indication of impairment including a significant decline in either the assets’ market value, increase in market rates of return, or in the cash flows expected to be generated by the fleet. At least annually, or if impairment indicator(s) exists, an impairment test on a CGU level will be performed. A CGU is determined as the smallest group of assets that generates independent cash inflows. An asset/CGU is impaired if the recoverable amount is below the carrying amount. The recoverable amount of the CGU is estimated as the higher of fair value less costs of disposal and value in use. The value in use is the present value of the future cash flows expected to be derived from a CGU, utilizing a pre-tax discount rate that reflects current market estimates of the time value of money and the risks specific to the unit for which the estimates of future cash flows have not been adjusted. If the recoverable amount is less than the carrying amount of the cash generating unit, the carrying amount is reduced to the recoverable amount. The impairment loss is recognized immediately in the income statement. Where an impairment loss subsequently reverses, the carrying amount of the CGU is increased to the revised estimate of the recoverable amount, but so that the increased carrying amount does not exceed the carrying amount that would have been determined, had no impairment loss been recognized in prior years. For the purpose of assessing impairment, assets, time charter and bareboat contracts are grouped at the lowest levels at which impairment is monitored for internal management purposes.
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| Inventories | Inventories consist of bunkers, lubeoil, EU Emission Allowances and other inventories. Bunkers, lubeoil and other inventories are stated at the lower of cost in accordance with the FIFO-principle and net realizable value. Cost of bunkers and lubeoil includes expenditure incurred in acquiring bunkers and lubeoil including delivery costs less discounts. The cost of other inventories consists of raw materials and components based on direct costs, direct payroll costs and a proportionate share of indirect production costs. Indirect production costs include the proportionate share of capacity costs directly relating hereto, which are allocated on the basis of the normal capacity of the production facility. At January 01, 2024 the EU Emission Trading System was extended to maritime transport emissions, where shipping companies must surrender allowances to cover emissions related to EU port calls. EU Emission Allowances are purchased in connection with TORM's cargo transportation only, similar to a tax on purchase of bunkers. TORM has no intention of selling or trading the allowances. In the absence of any specific IFRS standards or IFRIC interpretations on accounting for emission rights of carbon dioxide generated as part of the EU Emission Trading scheme (EU ETS), and considering the above, EU Emission Allowances are treated similar to bunker inventories. The following policies are applied for EU Emission Allowances: The emission rights are considered as a part of the bunker consumption for the delivery of transportation services and thus recognized as inventories at their acquisition cost. As these allowances are utilized during the voyage, the carrying amount of these allowances are recognized as an expense against a liability in the period in which the associated revenue is recognized.
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| Receivables | Receivables Outstanding trade receivables and other receivables which are expected to be realized within 12 months from the balance sheet date are classified as “Trade receivables” or “Other receivables” and presented as current assets. Receivables are, at initial recognition, measured at their transaction price less allowance for expected credit losses over the lifetime of the receivable and are subsequently measured at amortized cost adjusted for changes in expected credit losses. Derivative financial instruments included in other receivables are measured at fair value.
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| Expected credit losses | Expected credit losses Expected credit losses are, at initial recognition, determined using an aging factor as well as a specific customer knowledge such as customers’ ability to pay, considering historical information about payment patterns, credit risks, customer concentrations, customer creditworthiness as well as prevailing economic conditions. The estimates are updated subsequently, and if the debtor’s ability to pay is becoming doubtful, expected credit losses are calculated on an individual basis. When there are no reasonable expectations of recovering the carrying amount, the receivable is written off in part or entirely.
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| Other liabilities | Other liabilities are generally measured at amortized cost. Derivative financial instruments included in other liabilities are measured at fair value.
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| Effective interest rate, outstanding borrowings | Borrowings consist of mortgage debt, bank loans, bonds and lease liabilities. Borrowings are initially measured at fair value less transaction costs. Mortgage debt and bank loans are subsequently measured at amortized cost. This means that the difference between the net proceeds at the time of borrowing and the nominal amount of the loan is recognized in the income statement as a financial expense over the term of the loan applying the effective interest method. When terms of existing financial liabilities are renegotiated, or other changes regarding the effective interest rate occur, TORM performs a test to evaluate whether the new terms are substantially different from the original terms. If the new terms are substantially different from the original terms, TORM accounts for the change as an extinguishment of the original financial liability and the recognition of a new financial liability.
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| Derivative financial instruments and hedge accounting | Derivative financial instruments and hedge accounting Derivative financial instruments, primarily forward currency exchange contracts, forward freight agreements, interest rate hedges, and forward contracts regarding bunker purchases are entered into to mitigate risks relating to future fluctuations in prices and interest rates, etc. on future committed or anticipated transactions. TORM applies hedge accounting under the specific rules on cash flow hedges, when appropriate, as described below for each type of derivative. Changes in the fair value of derivative financial instruments designated as cash flow hedges and deemed to be effective are recognized directly in “Other comprehensive income”. When the hedged transaction is recognized in the income statement, the cumulative value adjustment recognized in “Other comprehensive income” is transferred to the income statement and included in the same line as the hedged transaction. Portion of the changes in fair value deemed to be ineffective is recognized immediately in the income statement. Changes in the fair value of derivative financial instruments not designated as hedges are recognized in the income statement. While effectively reducing cash flow risk in accordance with the Company’s Risk Management Policy, certain forward freight agreements and forward contracts regarding bunker purchases do not qualify for hedge accounting. Changes in fair value of these derivative financial instruments are therefore recognized in the income statement under “Financial income” or “Financial expenses” for interest rate swaps and under “Port expenses, bunkers and commissions” for forward freight agreements and forward bunker contracts.
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| Earnings per share | Basic earnings per share are calculated by dividing the consolidated net profit/(loss) for the year available to common shareholders by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the period. Treasury shares are not included in the calculation. Purchases of treasury shares during the period are weighted based on the remaining period. Diluted earnings per share are calculated by adjusting the consolidated profit or loss available to common shareholders and the weighted average number of common shares outstanding for the effects of all potentially dilutive shares. Such potentially dilutive common shares are excluded when the effect of including them would be to increase earnings per share or reduce a loss per share.
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