CNH has prepared the accompanying Consolidated Financial Statements in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America ("U.S. GAAP"). The Consolidated Financial Statements include CNH Industrial N.V. and its consolidated affiliates. The Consolidated Financial Statements are expressed in U.S. dollars and unless otherwise indicated, all financial data set forth in these Consolidated Financial Statements are expressed in U.S. dollars. The Consolidated Financial Statements include the accounts of CNH's subsidiaries in which CNH has a controlling financial interest, and reflect the noncontrolling interests of the minority owners of the subsidiaries that are not fully owned for the periods presented, as applicable. A controlling financial interest exists when the Company holds a majority voting interest of an entity or determines that it is the primary beneficiary of a VIE. The primary beneficiary is the party with both the power to direct the activities that most significantly affect the VIE’s economic performance and the obligation to absorb losses or the right to receive benefits that could be significant to the entity. The Company evaluates its status as primary beneficiary on an ongoing basis in accordance with VIE consolidation guidance, and the consolidation status of VIEs may change as a result of these reassessments.

Investments in unconsolidated affiliates are accounted for using the equity method when CNH does not have a controlling interest but exercises significant influence. Under this method, the investment is initially recorded at cost and is increased or decreased by CNH's proportionate share of the entity's respective net income or loss. Dividends received from these entities reduce the carrying value of the investments.

Business combinations are accounted for by applying the acquisition method. Under this method, the consideration transferred in a business combination is measured at fair value, which is calculated as the sum of the acquisition-date fair values of the assets transferred and liabilities assumed by the Company and the equity interests issued in exchange for control of the acquiree. Acquisition-related costs are generally recognized in profit or loss as incurred.

The preparation of Consolidated Financial Statements requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities, and reported amounts of revenues and expenses. Significant estimates in these Consolidated Financial Statements include allowance for credit losses; fair values for goodwill impairment tests; residual values of equipment on operating leases; sales allowances;

Revenue is recognized when control of the equipment, services or parts has been transferred and the Company's performance obligations to the customers have been satisfied. Revenue is measured as the amount of consideration the Company is entitled to receive in exchange for transferring goods or providing services.

Revenues are stated net of discounts, allowances, settlement discounts and rebates, as well as sales incentive program costs, which are determined on the basis of historical costs, country by country, and charged against profit for the period in which the corresponding sales are recognized.

The Company also enters into contracts with multiple performance obligations. For these contracts, the Company allocates revenue from the transaction price to the distinct goods and services in the contract on a relative standalone selling price basis. To the extent the Company sells the goods or services separately in the same market, the standalone selling price is the observable price at which the Company sells the goods or services separately. For all other goods or services, the Company estimates the standalone selling price considering all information reasonably available (including market conditions, entity-specific factors and information about the customer or class of customer).

The Company recognizes revenue at a point in time when control has transferred to the customer at the amount of consideration that the Company expects to be entitled. In most of the jurisdictions where the Company operates, and subject to specific exceptions, transfer of control occurs upon shipment. For certain sales transactions, the equipment may be temporarily held at our location under a bill-and-hold arrangement, whereby the Company bills a customer for equipment that will be picked up by the customer or its designated carrier at a later date. Under these arrangements, control typically transfers when the product is ready for physical transfer to the customer and cannot be directed to another customer, risk and rewards of ownership are transferred to the customer and the Company has a present right to payment. We have elected to recognize shipping and handling activities that may occur after control has transferred as fulfillment costs, which are presented in "Cost of goods sold".

For all sales, no uncertainty exists surrounding the purchaser's obligation to pay for equipment and parts. Fixed payment schedules exist for all sales, but payment terms vary by geographic market and product line. See "Note 4: Receivables for information about financing payment terms. The Company records an appropriate allowance for credit losses.

The cost of incentives, if any, are estimated at the inception of a contract at the amount that is expected to be paid and is recognized as a reduction in revenue at the time of the sale. If an equipment contract transaction has multiple performance obligations, the cost of incentives is allocated entirely to the equipment. If the estimate of the incentive changes following the sale to the customer, the change in estimate is recognized as an adjustment to revenue in the period of the change. CNH grants certain sales incentives to support sales of its products to retail customers. At the later of the time of sale or the time an incentive is announced to dealers, CNH records the estimated impact of sales allowances in the form of dealer and customer incentives as a reduction of revenue. Subsequent adjustments to sales incentive programs related to products previously sold are recognized as an adjustment to revenues in the period the adjustment is determinable. The determination of sales allowances requires management to make estimates based upon historical data, estimated future market demand for products, field inventory levels, announced incentive programs, competitive pricing and interest rates, among other things.

Sales to dealers may be accompanied by floorplan agreements under which the Company offers wholesale financing, which may include "interest-free" financing for a specified period of time (which also vary by geographic market and product line; see "Note 4: Receivables" for further information). Concurrent with the sale of the equipment, Industrial Activities offers to the dealer wholesale financing through loans extended by Financial Services. Industrial Activities compensates Financial Services for the cost of the interest-free period. The interest-free financing represents a financing component, and therefore is recognized upfront as a reduction of net sales of Industrial Activities. The compensation received by Financial Services from Industrial Activities for the period of the interest-free financing and the interest charged to the dealer for the remaining period is recognized by Financial Services over the period of the outstanding exposure.

estimated based on an analysis of historical experience. The portion of revenue (and corresponding cost of sales) related to the parts that are expected to be returned is recognized at the end of the return period. The amount received or receivable that is expected to be returned is recognized as a refund liability, representing the obligation to return the customer's consideration.

Furthermore, at the time of the initial sale, CNH recognizes a return asset for the right to recover the goods returned by the customer. This asset is initially measured at the former carrying amount of the inventory. At each reporting date, both the refund liability and the return asset are remeasured to record any revisions to the expected level of returns, as well as any decreases in the value of the returned products.

Revenues from services are primarily from extended warranties and maintenance and repair services. These revenues are recognized over the contract period as the costs are incurred, which occurs when claims are submitted by the dealer. Amounts invoiced to customers for which CNH receives consideration prior to satisfying the related performance obligation are recorded as contract liabilities. These services are either separately priced or included in the equipment's selling price. When included in the selling price, revenue is allocated to the service component based on its estimated stand-alone selling price. In the event that the costs expected to be incurred to satisfy the remaining performance obligations exceed the transaction price, an estimated contract loss is recognized.

Finance and interest income on receivables is recorded using the effective yield method. Deferred costs on the origination of financing receivables are recognized as a reduction in finance revenue over the expected lives of the receivables using the effective yield method. Recognition of income on loans is suspended when management determines that collection of future income is not probable or when an account becomes 90 days past due, whichever occurs earlier. Income accrual is resumed when and if the receivable becomes contractually current and collection becomes probable. Previously suspended income is recognized at that time. The Company applies cash received on nonaccrual financing receivables to first reduce any unrecognized interest and then the recorded investment and any other fees.

CNH grants certain sales allowances to promote the sale of its products to retail customers. The cost for such allowance programs are recorded as a deduction from gross sales at the time of the sale of the product to the dealer. The cost for new programs is accrued at the inception of the program. The amounts of incentives to be paid are estimated based upon historical data, estimated future market demand for products, field inventory levels, announced incentive programs, competitive pricing and interest rates, among other things.

At the time revenue is recognized for equipment or parts sales, CNH records an estimate of future base warranty costs. Total warranty liabilities are determined using historical claims rate and applicable contractual terms for products still under warranty. Quality campaigns are formal post-production modification programs approved by management. The liabilities for such programs are recognized when approved, based on an estimate of the total cost of the program. Warranty liabilities include estimated costs for parts owned by dealers that are utilized for warranty repairs, including parts sold by CNH to dealers prior to their utilization in warranty repairs.

Borrowing costs directly attributable to the acquisition, construction or production of qualifying assets, and those that require a substantial period of time to be made ready for their intended use or sale, are capitalized and amortized over the useful life of the related asset class.

The benefit of a government loan at a below-market rate of interest is treated as a government grant. The benefit is measured as the difference between the loan's initial carrying amount (fair value plus transaction costs) and the proceeds received. The loan is accounted for in accordance with the Company's government grant policies.

Certain of CNH's non-U.S. affiliates maintain their books and accounting records using local currency as the functional currency. Assets and liabilities of these non-U.S. affiliates are translated into U.S. dollars at period-end exchange rates. Translation adjustments are included in "Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)" within the Company's Consolidated Balance Sheets. Income and expense accounts of these non-U.S. subsidiaries are translated at the average exchange rates for the period. Gains and losses from foreign currency transactions are included in net income in the period during which they arise. Net foreign currency transaction gains and losses, including the cost of hedging instruments, are reflected in "Other, net" in the accompanying Consolidated Statements of Operations.

Restricted cash consists of principal and interest payments from retail notes and wholesale receivables owned by the consolidated VIEs that are payable to the VIEs' investors, as well as cash pledged as a credit enhancement to those same investors. These amounts are held by depository banks in order to comply with contractual agreements. Restricted cash equivalents also include balances held under escrow exclusively for the repayment of the pension obligations relating to U.K. Pension plans.

All cash flows from the changes in trade accounts and notes receivable are classified as operating activities in the consolidated statements of cash flows as these receivables arise from sales to CNH's customers. Cash flows from financing receivables that are related to sales to CNH's dealers are also included in operating activities. CNH's financing of receivables related to equipment sold by dealers is included in investing activities.

In 2025, "Other non-cash items" of $647 million primarily included amortization of debt issuance costs and discounts of $45 million, writedowns of financial assets of $313 million, a $172 million non-cash impairment charge related to IPR&D acquired as part of the Raven and Bennamann acquisitions, and $62 million charge related to investments in unconsolidated affiliates. In 2024, "Other non-cash items" of $340 million primarily included amortization of debt issuance costs and discounts of $71 million and writedowns of financial assets of $204 million. In 2023, "Other non-cash items" of $183 million primarily included share-based payments of $99 million and writedowns of financial assets of $80 million.

In 2025, Investing Activities - "Other, net" consisted of change in related party receivable/payable with Iveco Group of $(117) million. In 2024, Investing Activities - "Other, net" included change in related party receivable/payable with Iveco Group of $151 million. In 2023, Investing Activities - "Other, net" included cash paid for business acquisitions of $312 million.

Periodically, the Company sells or transfers retail notes and wholesale receivables to funding facilities or in securitization transactions. In accordance with the accounting guidance regarding transfers of financial assets and the consolidation of VIEs, the majority of the retail notes and wholesale receivables sold in securitizations do not qualify as sales and are recorded as secured borrowings with no gains or losses recognized at the time of securitization. Receivables associated with these securitization transactions and receivables that the Company has the ability and intent to hold for the foreseeable future are classified as held for investment. The substantial majority of the Company’s receivables, which include unrestricted receivables and restricted receivables for securitization investors, are classified as held for investment.

The allowance for credit losses is the Company's estimate of the lifetime expected credit losses inherent in the trade receivables and financing receivables owned by the Company. Retail receivables primarily include retail notes and finance leases to end use customers and revolving charge accounts, which represent financing for customers to purchase parts, service, rentals, implements and attachments from CNH dealers. Wholesale receivables include dealer floorplan financing, and to a lesser extent, the financing of dealer operations. Typically, our receivables within a geographic area have similar risk profiles and methods for assessing and monitoring risk.

Retail customer receivables that share the same risk characteristics such as, collateralization levels, geography, product type and other relevant factors are reviewed on a collective basis using measurement models and management judgment. The allowance for retail credit losses is based on loss forecast models that consider a variety of factors that include, but are not limited to, historical loss experience, collateral value, portfolio balance and delinquency. The loss forecast models are updated on a quarterly basis. The calculation is adjusted for forward-looking macroeconomic factors, such as Gross Domestic Product and Net Farm Income. The forward-looking macroeconomic factors are updated quarterly. In addition, qualitative factors that are not fully captured in the loss forecast models are considered in the evaluation of the adequacy of the allowance for credit losses. These qualitative factors are subjective and require a degree of management judgment.

Trade and wholesale receivables that share the same risk characteristics such as, collateralization levels, term, geography and other relevant factors are reviewed on a collective basis using measurement models and management judgment. The allowance for trade and wholesale credit losses is based on loss forecast models that consider a variety of factors that include, but are not limited to, historical loss experience, collateral value, portfolio balance and delinquency. The loss forecast models are updated on a quarterly basis. The calculation is adjusted for forward-looking macroeconomic factors, such as industry sales volumes. The forward-looking macroeconomic factors are updated quarterly. In addition, qualitative factors that are not fully captured in the loss forecast models are considered in the evaluation of the adequacy of the allowance for credit losses. These qualitative factors are subjective and require a degree of management judgment.

Retail, trade and wholesale receivables that do not have similar risk characteristics are individually reviewed based on, among other items, amounts outstanding, days past due and prior collection history. Expected credit losses are measured by considering: the probability-weighted estimates of cash flows and collateral value; the time value of money; current conditions and forecasts of future economic conditions. Expected credit losses are measured as the probability-weighted present value of all cash shortfalls (including the value of the collateral, if appropriate) over the expected life of each financial asset.

Charge-offs of principal amounts of receivables outstanding are deducted from the allowance at the point when it is estimated that amounts due are deemed uncollectible. Revolving charge accounts are generally deemed to be uncollectible and charged off to the allowance for credit losses when delinquency reaches 120 days.

Assets held under finance leases, for which the Company assumes substantially all the risks and rewards of ownership, are recognized as assets of the Company at the lower of fair value or present value of the minimum lease payments. The corresponding liability to the lessor is included in the financial statements as debt.

CNH evaluates the recoverability of the carrying amount of long-lived assets whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset or asset group may not be fully recoverable. If circumstances require a long-lived asset or asset group to be tested for possible impairment, CNH compares the carrying amount of an asset or asset group to future undiscounted net cash flows expected to be generated by the asset. If the carrying amount of the long-lived asset or asset group is not recoverable on an undiscounted cash flow basis, an impairment is recognized to the extent that the carrying amount exceeds its fair value.

Goodwill represents the excess of the aggregate purchase price over the fair value of the net assets acquired. Other indefinite-lived assets primarily consist of IPR&D, software in progress and acquired trademarks which have no legal, regulatory, contractual, competitive, economic, or other factor that limits their useful life. Goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets are not amortized and are reviewed for impairment at least annually. At December 31, 2025 and 2024, the Company performed its annual goodwill impairment review and determined there was no impairment to goodwill. At December 31, 2025 and 2024, the Company performed its annual impairment reviews of indefinite-lived intangible assets. The Company recorded a $123 million non-cash impairment charge in 2025 and an $11 million charge in 2024 related to IPR&D acquired as part of the Raven acquisition. In addition, as a result of an interim triggering event during the third quarter of 2025, the Company performed an interim impairment review of IPR&D acquired as part of the Bennamann acquisition and recorded a non-cash impairment charge of $49 million.

Definite-lived intangible assets consist primarily of acquired dealer networks, product drawings, patents, and capitalized software. Software costs capitalized by CNH primarily relate to costs incurred in the production of software to be embedded in our products. Capitalized software costs are included in "Other intangible assets, net" on our Consolidated Balance Sheets. Capitalization of software costs begins when technological feasibility has been established and ends upon reaching commercialization. Amortization of definite-lived intangible assets occurs on a straight-line basis over the useful life of the asset which is primarily 2 – 5 years for capitalized software and 5 - 25 years for other definite-lived intangible assets.

As stated above, the Company evaluates the recoverability of the carrying amount of long-lived assets, which include definite-lived intangible assets, whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset or asset group may not be fully recoverable. If circumstances require a long-lived asset to be tested for possible impairment, the carrying amount of an asset or asset group is compared to future undiscounted net cash flows expected to be generated by the asset or asset group. If the carrying amount of the long-lived asset or asset group is not recoverable on an undiscounted cash flow basis, an impairment is recognized to the extent that the carrying amount exceeds its fair value.

The provision for income taxes is determined using the asset and liability method. CNH recognizes a current tax liability or asset for the estimated taxes payable or refundable on tax returns for the current year and tax contingencies estimated to be settled with taxing authorities within one year. A deferred tax liability or asset is recognized for the estimated future tax effects attributable to temporary differences and tax attributes. The measurement of current and deferred tax liabilities and assets is based on provisions of enacted tax law. Valuation allowances are recorded to reduce deferred tax assets when it is more likely than not that a tax benefit will not be realized based on available evidence.

The Company uses derivative transactions to manage exposures that arise in the normal course of business and not for trading or speculative purposes. All derivative financial instruments are recorded in the Consolidated Balance Sheets as either an asset or a liability measured at fair value. The fair value of CNH's foreign exchange derivatives is based on

quoted market exchange rates, adjusted for the respective interest rate differentials (premiums or discounts). The fair value of CNH's interest rate derivatives is based on discounting expected cash flows, using market interest rates, over the remaining term of the instrument. Changes in the fair value of derivative financial instruments are recognized in current income unless specific hedge accounting criteria are met. For derivative financial instruments designated to hedge exposure to changes in the fair value of a recognized asset or liability, the gain or loss is recognized in income in the period of change, together with the offsetting loss or gain on the related hedged item. For derivative financial instruments designated to hedge exposure to variable cash flows of a forecasted transaction, the derivative financial instrument's gain or loss is initially reported in "Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)" and is subsequently reclassified into income when the forecasted transaction affects income. For derivative financial instruments that are not designated as hedges but held as economic hedges, the gain or loss is recognized immediately in income.

For derivative instruments designated as hedges, CNH formally documents the hedging relationship, the risk being hedged, and its risk management objective. Fair value hedges are linked to specific recognized assets or liabilities. Cash flow hedges are linked to specific forecasted transactions or variability in expected cash flows. CNH evaluates hedge effectiveness at inception and on an ongoing basis. If a derivative is determined to be ineffective or if the forecasted transaction is no longer probable, hedge accounting is discontinued and the derivative is subsequently remeasured at fair value with changes recognized in income.

In December 2023, the Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB") issued Accounting Standards Update ("ASU") 2023-09, Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures, to enhance the transparency and decision usefulness of income tax disclosures primarily related to the rate reconciliation and income taxes paid information. The amendments in this update are effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2024, and may be applied prospectively or retrospectively. The Company adopted ASU 2023-09 prospectively for the period ending December 31, 2025 with updates to the annual income tax disclosures within Footnote 12: Income Taxes. The adoption of the ASU does not impact our results of operations.

In December 2025, the FASB issued ASU 2025-10, Government Grants (Topic 832): Accounting for Government Grants Received by Business Entities, which provides updated guidance on the recognition, measurement, and presentation of government grants. The ASU will be effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2028, including interim periods within those years, with early adoption permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the impact on its consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.

In November 2025, the FASB issued ASU 2025‑09, Derivatives and Hedging (Topic 815): Hedge Accounting Improvements, which expands hedge accounting eligibility, clarifies cash flow hedge effectiveness, and provides guidance on forecasted interest payments and reference rate reform. The standard is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2026, including interim periods within those years, with early adoption permitted. Adoption requires a modified retrospective application, with a cumulative‑effect adjustment to opening retained earnings. The ASU is not expected to have a material impact on the Company's consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.

In September 2025, the FASB issued ASU 2025-06, Intangibles—Goodwill and Other—Internal-Use Software (Subtopic 350-40) Targeted Improvements to the Accounting for Internal-Use Software, which simplifies the capitalization guidance by removing all references to software development project stages. Under this standard, eligible software development costs will begin capitalization when management has authorized and committed to funding the software project, and it is probable that the project will be completed and the software will be used to perform the function intended. This update is effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2027, and for interim periods within those annual reporting periods, with early adoption permitted. The Company is evaluating the impact of this guidance on its consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.

In July 2025, the FASB issued ASU 2025-05, Financial Instruments - Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses for Accounts Receivable and Contract Assets, which introduces an optional practical expedient for estimating expected credit losses on current accounts receivable and contract assets. The Company has reviewed the guidance and determined that it will not elect the practical expedient, as it does not provide a benefit to the Company's existing credit loss estimation process. The standard is effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2025, and interim periods within those annual reporting periods. Early adoption is permitted, and the guidance is to be applied prospectively after the adoption date. Adoption of the ASU is not expected to have a material impact on the Company's consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.

In May 2025, the FASB issued ASU 2025-03, Business Combinations (Topics 805) and Consolidation (Topic 810): Determining the Accounting Acquirer in the Acquisition of a Variable Interest Entity. This standard clarifies the guidance in determining the accounting acquirer in a business combination effected primarily by exchanging equity interests when the acquiree is a VIE that meets the definition of a business. The amendments in this update are effective for interim reporting periods and fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2026, including interim periods within those fiscal years. Adoption of the ASU is not expected to have a material impact on the Company's consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.

In November 2024, the FASB issued ASU 2024-03, Income Statement—Reporting Comprehensive Income—Expense Disaggregation Disclosures (Subtopic 220-40) to improve the disclosures about a public business entity’s expenses and provide more detailed information about the types of expenses included in certain expense captions in the Consolidated Financial Statements. The amendments in this update are effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2026, and interim reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2027. The Company is evaluating the impact this guidance will have on the disclosures in the Consolidated Financial Statements and related disclosures.