9. INCOME TAXES

The provision for income taxes is based on income before income taxes as follows (in thousands):

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Components of the total income tax provision are as follows (in thousands):

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The provision for income taxes differs from the amount determined by applying the federal statutory rate as follows:

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The tax effects of significant temporary differences and credit and operating loss carryforwards that give rise to the net deferred tax assets and tax liabilities are as follows (in thousands):

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As of December 31, 2025, the Company has the following gross carryforwards available (in thousands):

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Realization of the Company’s recorded deferred tax assets is dependent upon the Company generating sufficient taxable income in the appropriate tax jurisdictions in future years to obtain benefit from the reversal of net deductible temporary differences and from utilization of net operating losses and tax credit carryforwards. Management considers the scheduled reversal of deferred tax liabilities, projected verifiable future taxable income and tax planning strategies in making this assessment.

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Starting in 2022, noncurrent deferred tax assets includes the effects of capitalization and amortization of R&D expenses as required by the 2017 Tax Cuts and Jobs Act. The Company generated excess foreign tax credits in 2017 due to the one-time transition tax required by enactment of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act in the amount of $910 and foreign tax credits were generated in the amount of $92 as a result of a dividend paid from Canada and, at that time, determined it was more likely than not that it will not realize a tax benefit from these credits. The Company has incurred net operating losses in certain states with a tax effected benefit of $867 as of December 31, 2025 that it is more likely than not will not be realized. Additionally, the Company has deferred tax assets (including net operating loss carryforwards and tax credits) in certain foreign jurisdictions for which it has determined it is more likely than not it would not realize a tax benefit of $145 as of December 31, 2025. The amount of deferred tax assets considered realizable is subject to adjustment in future periods if estimates of future taxable income are changed. The Company believes that it is more likely than not that it will realize the benefits of its deferred tax assets, net of valuation allowances as of December 31, 2025.

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The Company files income tax returns in various U.S. and foreign taxing jurisdictions. With few exceptions, the Company is no longer subject to U.S. federal and state tax examinations in its major tax jurisdictions for periods before 2022. With few exceptions, the Company is no longer subject to tax examinations in the foreign jurisdictions for periods prior to 2020.

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Due to a New Zealand tax legislation change in 2021 allowing for the use of pre-acquisition net operating loss carryforwards to be utilized on the acquirer's future period tax returns, the Company recognized, in 2021, $8,328 of net operating loss carryforwards generated in pre-acquisition periods by the Dynamic Controls New Zealand entities. The net operating loss carryforwards are now available for use by the Company beginning with the New Zealand tax returns filed for the 2020 tax period. The Company evaluated the tax legislation and considered the tax periods open for adjustment by the tax authorities which include the 2016-2020 tax years and has determined it is more likely than not it will not realize a benefit on $1,125 of the net operating loss carryforwards. The Company will adjust this unrecognized tax benefit in light of changing facts and circumstances and with the lapse of the statute of limitations. The lapse of the statute of limitations would be recorded as an adjustment to the provision for income taxes in the period of the statute closure.

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Cash paid for income taxes, net of refunds, were as follows (in thousands):

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The summary of changes to the unrecognized tax benefit for the year ended December 31, 2025 is as follows (in thousands):

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It is reasonably possible that a reduction of approximately $180 of the balance of unrecognized tax benefits may occur within the next twelve months as a result of the lapse of the statute of limitations. As of December 31, 2025, approximately $180 of unrecognized tax benefits would favorably impact the effective tax rate, if recognized.

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It is the Company’s policy to include interest and penalties related to income tax liabilities in income tax expense in the consolidated statements of income and comprehensive income. In addition, the Company records uncertain tax positions in accordance with ASC 740. No material interest or penalties related to income tax liabilities were recognized for the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024, and 2023.

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In general, it is the practice and intention of the Company to reinvest the earnings of its non-domestic subsidiaries in activities outside the United States. Exceptions may be made on a year-by-year basis to repatriate earnings of certain foreign subsidiaries based on cash needs in the United States. Certain foreign subsidiaries made distributions to other foreign subsidiaries which required a withholding tax remittance of $113. In 2025, the Company distributed a portion of these foreign earnings which have been previously taxed in the United States and remitted $35 of foreign withholding taxes.

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The Company does not intend to distribute the remaining previously taxed earnings resulting from the one-time transition tax under the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act or capital in foreign subsidiaries, and has not recorded any deferred taxes related to such amounts. The remaining excess of the amount for financial reporting over the tax basis of investments in foreign subsidiaries is permanently reinvested, and the determination of any deferred tax liability on this amount is not practicable.

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On July 4, 2025, legislation commonly referred to as the One Big Beautiful Bill Act (“OBBBA”) was signed into law which, among other things, modifies the income tax treatment of research and development expenses, as well as includes revisions to bonus depreciation and international tax regimes. The effects of OBBBA are reflected in the results for December 31, 2025, and there were no material impacts to income tax provision or the effective income tax rate.