| Intangible assets |
13.Intangible assets | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Impairment | | Effects of | | | | | Balance at 1 | | | | | | | | expenses/ | | movements in | | Balance at 31 | Cost | | January 2025 | | Additions | | Disposals | | Transfers | | (reversals) | | exchange rates | | December 2025 | Telecommunication licenses | | 129,024,942 | | 239,593 | | (32) | | — | | — | | (43,206) | | 129,221,297 | Computer software | | 211,255,967 | | 15,961,770 | | (214,970) | | 561,008 | | — | | 2,051,117 | | 229,614,892 | Transmission line software | | 2,013,857 | | 3,132 | | — | | — | | — | | 12,033 | | 2,029,022 | Indefeasible right of usage | | 2,064,237 | | 10,284 | | — | | — | | — | | 1 | | 2,074,522 | Brand name | | 15,897 | | — | | — | | — | | — | | 738 | | 16,635 | Customer base | | 65,029 | | — | | — | | — | | — | | (4,709) | | 60,320 | Goodwill | | 770,907 | | — | | — | | — | | — | | — | | 770,907 | Subscriber acquisition cost | | 82,886,223 | | 10,740,077 | | — | | — | | — | | 756,434 | | 94,382,734 | Electricity production license | | 1,140,206 | | — | | — | | 1,140,203 | | — | | (269,104) | | 2,011,305 | Others | | 2,766,364 | | 401,502 | | (10,329) | | (1,140,203) | | — | | 251,711 | | 2,269,045 | Construction in progress | | 476,472 | | 452,058 | | — | | (551,339) | | — | | 1,787 | | 378,978 | Total | | 432,480,101 | | 27,808,416 | | (225,331) | | 9,669 | | — | | 2,756,802 | | 462,829,657 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Accumulated amortization | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Telecommunication licenses | | 98,511,899 | | 7,416,434 | | (31) | | — | | — | | 718,278 | | 106,646,580 | Computer software | | 163,236,794 | | 12,568,970 | | (115,424) | | (117,361) | | 558,903 | | 483,949 | | 176,615,831 | Transmission line software | | 2,031,398 | | 6,400 | | — | | — | | — | | (10,435) | | 2,027,363 | Indefeasible right of usage | | 1,309,287 | | 51,396 | | — | | — | | — | | 439 | | 1,361,122 | Brand name | | 3,632 | | — | | — | | — | | — | | 6,239 | | 9,871 | Customer base | | 34,010 | | 401 | | — | | — | | — | | 8,403 | | 42,814 | Subscriber acquisition cost | | 58,141,692 | | 10,419,947 | | — | | — | | — | | (7,533) | | 68,554,106 | Electricity production license | | 179,803 | | 57,663 | | — | | 78,096 | | — | | (6,527) | | 309,035 | Others | | 1,866,945 | | 369,078 | | (10,317) | | 39,265 | | 128 | | 17,931 | | 2,283,030 | Total | | 325,315,460 | | 30,890,289 | | (125,772) | | — | | 559,031 | | 1,210,744 | | 357,849,752 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Net book value | | 107,164,641 | | (3,081,873) | | (99,559) | | 9,669 | | (559,031) | | 1,546,058 | | 104,979,905 |
13.Intangible assets (continued) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Impairment | | Effects of | | | | | Balance at 1 | | | | | | | | expenses/ | | movements in | | Balance at 31 | Cost | | January 2024 | | Additions | | Disposals | | Transfers | | (reversals) | | exchange rates | | December 2024 | Telecommunication licenses | | 129,086,912 | | 1,343 | | (82,130) | | — | | — | | 18,817 | | 129,024,942 | Computer software | | 195,942,049 | | 13,811,239 | | (43,107) | | 382,537 | | — | | 1,163,249 | | 211,255,967 | Transmission line software | | 1,990,425 | | 1,465 | | (662) | | — | | — | | 22,629 | | 2,013,857 | Indefeasible right of usage | | 1,919,358 | | 144,879 | | — | | — | | — | | — | | 2,064,237 | Brand name | | 20,350 | | — | | — | | — | | — | | (4,453) | | 15,897 | Customer base | | 73,883 | | — | | — | | — | | — | | (8,854) | | 65,029 | Goodwill | | 770,907 | | — | | — | | — | | — | | — | | 770,907 | Subscriber acquisition cost | | 72,791,783 | | 9,653,267 | | — | | — | | — | | 441,173 | | 82,886,223 | Electricity production license | | 1,262,381 | | — | | — | | — | | — | | (122,175) | | 1,140,206 | Others | | 2,357,311 | | 369,171 | | (2,603) | | (46,977) | | — | | 89,462 | | 2,766,364 | Construction in progress | | 495,555 | | 384,488 | | (2,136) | | (382,537) | | — | | (18,898) | | 476,472 | Total | | 406,710,914 | | 24,365,852 | | (130,638) | | (46,977) | | — | | 1,580,950 | | 432,480,101 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Accumulated amortization | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Telecommunication licenses | | 90,877,046 | | 7,446,046 | | (19,530) | | — | | — | | 208,337 | | 98,511,899 | Computer software | | 151,201,408 | | 11,194,611 | | (13,683) | | — | | 154,681 | | 699,777 | | 163,236,794 | Transmission line software | | 1,971,530 | | 42,044 | | — | | — | | — | | 17,824 | | 2,031,398 | Indefeasible right of usage | | 1,214,529 | | 97,610 | | (1,792) | | — | | — | | (1,060) | | 1,309,287 | Brand name | | 18,547 | | — | | — | | — | | — | | (14,915) | | 3,632 | Customer base | | 53,561 | | 826 | | — | | — | | — | | (20,377) | | 34,010 | Subscriber acquisition cost | | 49,080,253 | | 9,765,186 | | — | | — | | — | | (703,747) | | 58,141,692 | Electricity production license | | 99,108 | | 57,171 | | — | | — | | — | | 23,524 | | 179,803 | Others | | 1,619,661 | | 292,667 | | (2,309) | | — | | 1,012 | | (44,086) | | 1,866,945 | Total | | 296,135,643 | | 28,896,161 | | (37,314) | | — | | 155,693 | | 165,277 | | 325,315,460 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Net book value | | 110,575,271 | | (4,530,309) | | (93,324) | | (46,977) | | (155,693) | | 1,415,673 | | 107,164,641 |
Amortization expenses for the years ended 31 December 2025 and 2024 amounting to TL 31,449,320 and TL 29,051,854, respectively include impairment losses and are recognized in cost of revenue. Impairment losses on intangible assets not in use for the years ended 31 December 2025 and 2024 are TL 559,031 and TL 155,693, respectively and are recognized in amortization expenses. Computer software includes capitalized software development costs that meet the definition of an intangible asset. The amount of capitalized development costs is TL 4,371,052 for the year ended 31 December 2025 (31 December 2024: TL 4,038,085). Research and development expenses for the years ended 31 December 2025 and 2024 amounting to TL 450,871 and TL 410,964, respectively are recognized in cost of revenue.
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