and other similar investments (collectively referred to as “derivatives”) involves risks additional to and possibly greater than those associated with investing directly in securities. The value of a derivative may not correlate to the value of the underlying instrument to the extent expected. A derivative can create leverage because it can result in exposure to an amount of a security, index, or other underlying investment (a “notional amount”) that is substantially larger than the derivative position’s market value. Often, the upfront payment required to enter into a derivative is much smaller than the potential for loss, which for certain types of derivatives may be theoretically unlimited. The Fund may not be able to close a derivatives position at an advantageous time or price. As a result, the Fund may be required to continue making required margin and settlement payments and, if the Fund has insufficient cash on hand to meet such requirements, it may have to sell securities from its portfolio at a time when it may be disadvantageous to do so. For over‑the‑counter derivatives transactions, the counterparty may be unable or unwilling to make required payments and deliveries, especially during times of financial market distress. Derivatives also can create operational and legal risk. Changes in regulation relating to a mutual fund’s use of derivatives and related instruments may make derivatives more costly, limit the availability of derivatives, or otherwise adversely affect the value or performance of derivatives and the Fund.

potential and current investments. Relatedly, securities of companies in emerging markets that are listed on exchanges may be delisted if they do not meet relevant accounting standards and auditor oversight requirements, which could significantly decrease the liquidity and value of the securities. Governments in emerging market countries may exercise greater control over their financial markets, more frequently make significant changes to economic policy, be less stable and be more likely to take extra-legal action with respect to companies, industries, assets, or foreign ownership than those in more developed markets. Moreover, investor protection regimes may be more limited in emerging markets. For example, it may be more difficult for shareholders to bring derivative litigation or for U.S. regulators to bring enforcement actions against issuers in emerging markets. Because the Fund focuses its investments in emerging market securities, it may have a limited ability to mitigate losses in an environment that is adverse to emerging market securities in general. Emerging market securities may also be more volatile, more difficult to value, and have lower overall liquidity than securities economically tied to U.S. or developed non‑U.S. markets.